ӷ̸ֹ()


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(1)ֹҪ

      ֮йֹ൱Ҫԡ
      죬ֹѾ˶ԽϾսȻûκ
սʺͼ:ֹǽĻ¯Ҳ˵ֹ֮
춽صĻ¯ҲصĪ˹:ȥֱ룬
ȥŷ԰Ρ
      ˵:ҾͲβ˷ֹѹֹ֮ǰΧ
вȰҲǣνͼһ˽
ռ䶼ֹڡȺרʱ첻Щ
찲Ź㳡ԸķֹԱ˵:Ҫڼ͵͵ˣ
Ҫ?ִвѾӡˣ֪
նݳֻƤӵ£Ҳһֻ۱һֻۡǣ
ƫƫһЩ󷨵ǰ̣ӦԼҲֹ
˰ͼﻢ£ղܡԭȶԷֹмһˣ
ебҪĿ࿴ǶԷֵֹּУΪӦ
ʶֹȷʵֵʶֵģǻ
εĽǶȣҪǻεĽǶȡ춷ֹⳬ
ֹҵĿǡӷ̸ֹ𡱡

(2)ֹΪʲôѸٷչӴģ?

      ڰ˾Ķ̶̼䣬ֹ㿪ʼѸٷչǧ˵Ӵģ
⵱ȻӦӰ˾йȥѰҽ͡
      ˾йʶ̬Ʋָʶ
̬һϵĳڽʡԭȣʶ̬
һѹڽ̣һֳΪڽ
ĳƷˣ֣춹ʶ̬ĳƲΪ
ɫɫڽ˿ǰĿռ䡣˾˸߾Եģ˾˵
ܵԾĴܣ˷˼ӡһʱ䣬֡
Сս۵ĵЩ񡱵ģֻ
Զ֮Ͼˣ˵лϲǽˮĸ󻼣
Ź칦ܣܱ˺áټһһ޲
׼ҡ꣬ĵһӶ
湦ܱңùٷʽϿɣܹͨٷ
£ֹѸٷչ׳ʵΪ档
      ֹڽ̵˫ݡʹͳڽȣֹһ
ȥ壻һȣֶֹһµġڽ̵(Ȼ
ͳڽҲиβݣʱĹˣѾ
ʧ⣬ĳֵ£Ҳζڽζֹֻ
ͻ)б̲ǿڽ󣬲˲
֪Ծ߹ڽ̵ĴſҲûнȥǷ׷Ϊȥ
˽⣬෨ֹԱǱŽȥĿĲ
ֹĴŵģȥΪ߱ĵ
ٽһ֣ЩᣬصġӶҲʥǿ֧
Уü˻ǱڽǣǾʹӵ
˱ϵߡ      
      ֹܹѸУΪֽǵĺܶҪ罻
Ҫëʱйͳݻ٣ȫڶ
ǿٷĴС֯ĵλưѴһ飬ĸ
߽Щ֯͵λʹڸΪһɢɳ춵Ͻɽ
ǣЩ޽֮мȺ֮ЧĻֹоԵļ
ʽʽһһλߵֹѧ
Աͨѣ飬ճ
л⣬ھϻֹ֧֣ʹЩڱ仯ҡ
ʧƵеۡеʧ䡢е
ԼͬԼĹҲȷλߵǷϺʵ
ΪǿܵġڽԻ͹ܾֹǣ
Ҳбǡ

(3)ֹǷ?

      Ӧ˵ֹûԣֹҲûнΣֱ죬Ҳû
Ρ
      ֹֻϲ漰ᣬ漰ҡֹû
κʾûСֹʵǺͳģỹ
ʵϣǹȥᡣڽ̡ڽ̣١
򰵣ĳ׷˿ʵΣתΪ˶
̺һӷֹǻ˵ѷֹ
̫ƽ̡ϵۻ̣Ŷǲǡġ
      һۣһ׽壬ӣῴɷ壬о߲
Ҫ죬жۡýĻʡʱǲһͽ
Ҫɷ֣һۻҪЩ͵ˣŪ
ǵʡ˽ֹĳԱܶ꣬вǸ
ŮûжٽԡսԡֹԸرƽΪ
ΪϸļԼΪԱʵݡ˻
̫ƽš
      ȥʮ£(ǰйԺԺ˵ǽĻ)̨
ʱɷãѡٴУᵽֹ˵й˿ڶ࣬
룬κа˵йӵмӵߣֹ־һ
ӡо仰ûϽһЩ˵ǡ˵й
Ҫʵѡ٣ǲǻ־̨?ǷԹҲŪ
÷ᡣ
      ־ӵӴͽⲢζйѡ־
ȲʤȯΪⶫרƱͨƱǵĳ߿϶ȿֶ
࣬ǵѡͳĳȴδػͶƱȭ
ʾҪѡͳδʵУ֪Ѷˡܼ򵥣
ڳĳˣΪˡΪɣʵ޶ĳһһ
뿪һھͲ׷ݡһŷֹĹʦڹ
⣬ȥͬȥ̱רҵרңû˵ȥ־ִ𰸵ġֻ
ҪͷֹԱнӴͻֱ֣ᷢ漰Щϣ
йŹ֣ϣǺͱ˲ûʲôǰ˵
ֹ屾ͻϲ漰Σǿţɡ̷
ִ£ֹʲôЩڽ̣˹̣
أпܳΪԻֻ÷ᡣ˹һ
ڽʵ̷벻ȻȻ׾(ǲܲӦ)ֹ
Ҫöࡣ

(4)ֹǷ?

      ֹԡֻйַ˷λëȥ
߸ЬͿں졢֮࣬Ϊʲ׼Ρϼ
ֹ֪ؽֹˣɼǱΡ
      йѹֹֹ֣ԸǷζǽ
?ǣȻǡ⣬һ˳ġ㲻ΣҪ
㣬ҲܲΡΪֹĿǰΪֻǵ
εԽΪλصԼȥֹԼûԽԼ
ԭȸԼ涨ı߽磬Ҳ˵ֹԼûԽ絽ε
ȻûнΡ˼ȥ϶㿪
Ȼͻܵһķѵ˾˵Ҳڼ?
      ֪һ߼Ա˺ˡ㱾ƫ˵
㷴㲻ָܵأǵ˵:㷴Ե㷴ָأⲻѾ
?߼ѧϣνڷ񶨡롰ڷ񶨡֣֮ľǡԵ
㷴ָһΪ춷ԵȤĶ߲
Jon ElsterPolitical PsychologyȲ
      ֹûнΣҲûнȨ(Ȩ
ȨΣеڱ𴦽ˡظ)ΪһȺ(ָ
)ֹûвμӹȡȨȨĻڷֹ⵽Ⱥᣬ
Ȩ塢ĪԮǣֹûлعͷͬ⵽Ⱥ
ȨʿԮѹƷֹȻѹȨάֹ
άֹĻάȨΪȨǸձԵ
ñ˵ɱţɱűţδؾǶﱣߡҵȻϣ
ֹԱܹάֹάձȨĸ߶ȣҲи
ֹԱﵽһ߶ȣΪֹΪһȺ(ָ)ֹ
ûнȨָֹȨ塰
Ȼʵ
      
(5)ֹû֯?

      ڲǰһڲУѷֹġΣԡ벨ŽṤ
Ტۡһ:ԭναѧšаָ̡
ʵ޹ؽҪ֮ҪѹֹֻΪֹγһڹ֮
֯
      һ⣬ֹû֯?
      ֹû֯
      ˵֯ʣֹ֯³?֯Ա?
֯ʲô?Ա֯ڲʲôȨʲô?֯ΥĳԱʲ
ôƲôʩ?ֹ֯Ľṹʲô?쵼ʲô?쵼Աβ
ηֹ?֯?֯ĸѡٲ
?֮֯ʲôϵ?˵ȵȡѹֹһˣץ˳
ǧ˻ѹ¡̹׽οᰲ
ڲҪ֯ô£òˣ͹ˡڻ˵
ãֻ֤ǡĪС
      ݡ־ֹйעɡ
塱ݹٷҪ󣬱ṩ֯³̡ˡԴͳԱ
ȣЩҪ־㣣δܳ¡һֱһžŰף־
ѧԱУһǿ:ܹעãɱͳһ
עǼǣزҪעǼǻ걨ܹעᣬǾͻԭ
һȺԷѧû֯Ըμӳصʹࡣ
ֹһֱ֯޼ɵ״̬С㡱վ
ܴǮûеӻᣬûй̶칫ص㣬ȥɣû
ʽû֯³֮ļ(־141-142ҳ)ڿ
йطֹû֯˵ӦǺϺʵġ
      ֮ŷֹ֯ܵ֯޷Ǹݷֹ
ǿļж̱л𡱣ʶ۳ֹһܵġ
뻹̬ܵ֯֯
      ʵ۲һɿڹзδģļ忹
жд󲿷ֶԷģû֯ġɼģļжһҪ
ε֯ɡ
      ֹֹעĿһμжĪ춾ž¶ʮ
ϺԸͨΪ˲μӵġȻļжûһ
֯ľǲܵġȻ׷жȥ
ǾͿԷȫ֯·֪4.25Ϻ¼4.
19-4.24¼ļ뷢չ¼УֹԸͬѩһ
ʮѸٵ(Ҳǧ)طֵ
ӦȲöԷ⣬ֲöԷ־壬𵽴̼ǿԷ
á£ֹԱƾԭеԷγɵĹϵ磬ÿڿ
ഫټϵ绰ִֻߣӶԱֱϺҲͲ
ǲ˼ˡ

(6)ֹ֯?

      425ϺԸһ˾ǣйǰȻ֪顣һ
Ҳŷֹһ֯Ҫݡ֪
Y׿ڸң¼ǰסڱһλѼУ
ѽֹҪԺԸλѲǴѧԱҲʲôҪ
ɼֹжûʲôܵ⡣
      ˵ֺǰ֪飬˵֪鲻⡰߳
ųֿԣҲйعԱȫԱģȻ
ûƵô󣬹ʶҲûԤȱ֪Щ
ڸìܲԸһ龭Ը
϶ɫʣģҲޣּ߲һ㶼ûи

      ʵϽֹͲȥʲô֯һ˵ֻ
ЩԾΪ߲ŻὨ֯µᡣֹ
кϷλһȻùٷעϿɣ˵עᣬ
ٷֹߴӲΪǵĻʲôҪ
ͱܵġȻˣǸʲôҪ֯?
      ˵йȡ޷ֹ֮ᣬֹĳЩת£һЩ
ԱᰵнͷչĳֶԵֱܵϵʽ⣬йѹ
۹עΪ˺ý򽻵纣ķֹҲԼķ
ˡ˵ǡǡڷֹȡ֮ᣬƶ˷ֹĳ֯
չơҲ˶ѡĿǰֹȻ㲻Ѿ
˳εġƶȻ֯

(7)ֹΪʲôǿļж?

      ֹû֯ʽȴ֯ܣǿļжұ
֯ĻΪʲô?
      ֪֯ĿģΪþĳͬͬ
ͬҪߵһЩ˱ɢãã˺֮УҪһַʽʹ
ۼһ𡣷ֹƣֻй
ܴﵽЧԸ˾ͨļۼ
һȻʵĳ֯Ŀġйڣ춳̲Ҫ
󡰹ԡԡʼղԷγһ̬֯˼
СũΪʲô֯ԭʱָСũ桰ͬͬ
ֹ춼ĹԺͼԣðѡͬˡͬԺ
׵ؾʹﵽ֯ЧȻû֯ʽ
      ֯Ҫ֯Ҳ˵ҪһЩԵļۻͼ
㽨֯ʽ³̹һӦȫȴȱپԵ֯
֯ͻɿ壬ͻɢ,ͽɥʧжֹ
ⷽȻơͽһݣڴһҲ
һ֯(Աò룬ԽԽ߹)ֹ
Աȴһȵ֯ֹԱͨ־Ե
˴赽ӽĵõļҳ飬
ƽ꺮ů»æǿ໥Σ
ͬͼһʲôҪжϢԴú
죬ܶ˶룬û֯ȴʤ֯
      ͵֯纣֯˵Աʲͣ֯ʽ
ģƶȾ󾫣ǿȱپԵ֯һ
ܾмδᡢ֧顢ݻᡢۻʾ?˽
һЩĻ罼ΡOKȵȣԱ飬ǿ
ͬЩһҲ첻˼ΡϾʿߵһΪ
־ͬϣãиȦӣѣ
иѣȦӲغٽ档ټϴֲϡ裬ı
ףȱٹͬ˷ܵ㡣ԣ˵ĵؼ֯
ȴûʲô֯Ի룬ǷԳ֯
ͬԹ̣֯黯֯Ҳ֮ήˡ
      ¶ɭ(Mancur OlsonJr)ж߼ָж
ν㳵󡱡޳˺ܶ࣬Ըͦ
˵˾ͱȽ٣ΪҪۣðա뼯
繤Ϊƹ߹ʴмᡢʾչ춻
Ȩܵϣһ̸жٷգҲҪʱ䡢ȴۡ
жĿʵּͬ룬˵Ŀʵһ
ʤ˶ʤʵзݣǰǷΪʤ
ס˳춸ƣϳԿֻռˣɶ
Թۣɡͽд㳵ο˷ִ㳵⣬ʵǽ
ж⡣
      ˵һ㼯жֶĿĵķ룬ֶҪΪĿ
ģֶαĿģûĿԡ˰չΪ߹ʴΪ
˰չչμӰչԹûʲô档Ϊ˿˷㳵󣬰¶
ɭṩƷ̼Ҳ˵ҳһְ취ʹòμӼжͶԲ
ֹǡý⡣շֶֹĿĲǷĶ
ͳһģֶαĿԣĿġշֹǸԼ
˭˭õ˭˭ò˵ֹǶ
Լʮ顣춵ֹֽͣԿԼ
㲻ҹֻ͵͵Ĺͳú㵱ȻԴ㳵
ڲμӼ忹жȱ˿ʤɣֻʱѾ
๦ʱķˡڵֹϾ£Ȼ
ֹǻԿͷģҪҪС̡Ĺ춣Է
ֹ˵ֻ̡һһԽΪ
ܿѣôʧǵãĹԽͻͽԽܹ޳
      
(8)춡̡

      漰ֹġ̡ˡ¿ָ:ֹйΪʲôô
Ӱ죬ͻɲͬľǸ֡ȻйĻ
ҲԴԶģרΪһĽйһỷ
УǺõģ൱һй˵ľ󡱡
      СĶԡ̡˺ܾٵ˵˵:ڷֹĽܡ̡
һС桢ơʸ񡱣Сƽ˵һָ̡
ǵµ塱̣ı΢˾Ӹµ
ݡ̱̣ھϳΪǿߡ
      ԡ̡һЩ䡣кܶ⡣էһȥֹġ
ͰQľʤЩƣôû?̱ǲһֵ
?Ϊ̵²ԹޣԹ޺й̵֮ͬ
ߵĵ£ū¡ûе?Ʒ˹(Leszek Kolakowski)
:Ȼ̵ȡΰʤɼʵôߵ
Ӻζ?νô?ΪʲôڽͽֳܱѰļᶨ
?ڿѧԷĽ죬Ϊʲôڽ?йѹֹ
ܵʲô?Լ˵ȵȡЩ⣬ҽƪۼ(δ)