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      ʣʮϾҪȥʮһϾҪ̸һ̸
ع˹ȥհģ

      ȣҪ˵ʱĹֻΪһģ
ת˵ʲô͡ǧȵȸй˵š֧
Ϊ˷Ŀ̶ȣûʲôر壬ν鵶ˮˮ
ǰˮ˵ʲôͬһΣȴȷʵ˵ȫ
ʷһת۵ϡһȫ򻯴ӲԾԾǼũҵ
Ĺҵ꿪ʼϢת䡣Ȼ˭ûȷ
ת۵ꡢ¡աʱڶʮʮһ֮ȴ
ûġũҵʱҵʱתʮʮ֮һ
Ȼ޷Ԥδʱʲôӣǿȷ֪ʵʵʮ
Ҫת䣬ֻס⣬һҪ˵ʮֻе20
00ײŽʮһҪ2001ſʼ֪Ԫûġ
2000Ԫףͣʵе塣һ죬һ
2000꣬־˵תۣҲʵ

      ʣȻʮʮһôת䣬ôĲܷ
̸һ̸أ

      ҶԶʮһʼ춵һս1991
ս֪ϳͬ˺ܲ١Զʮ
дˣҲ٣Ҽޣֻ֪һ˵
ΪҵĻķͶﵽ˼˵ĳ̶ȡҲ
˳ƣʮǴͣΪ֮еĶսս
мɵķʷ߼¼ˣѱ
ͳΪ˵͡еģǺϺʵģҪȫʵ
ʷչܱ۵ܽᣬǻҪҪϵۡ
̫Ҫ֪ʶ̫࣬ҵѧܴﵽġ

      ʣǾȲ̸磬̸йΣ

      ҵѧʵҲǲʸ̸⡣Ȼйˣ
͵ķ֮Ͳܲ˼ҷһɡ

      й˵ʮйʵִһͣʵִ
ȡ൱ɾͣھִ۵һ͡

      йŹ֮һʷĹϣȲϰͰͱף
ӡȡϣڲ֮䡣ͱϣĹжϣϣǶ϶
дУֻӡй

      һ˵ǵĴͳĻرǿΪ
ԽԣҵִȴǲŲǰ컹Ҫǡ
չйҡ˵˾ңԳ־棬ΪͳĻر
ӦǰʼĹҵ༴ִȻΪִ
ûʲôĽģǻԻصǰʱȥΪãƣʣ
Ҷ룬ǾʲôⶼûˡʵϣʮͣйҲһֱм
Сһ˱šξ󲿷йѾټʶִ
ִζҪִԽԽãþͳ


      ʣҼֱйŲҪִˣҿ԰ȥ
˰ɣ
      𣺵ȻȥơһҪ˵еġš
塱Ĺ⼸Ȼֺߺ죬˵һ㡣Ҫǣй
ͳĻйʮϣϣʵ̫


      ʣ˵йʮˣʮвų
ꡣǻжٴͳ˼أ

      ǳȻͲ󣬵ǶͳĻĻС
ܻ˵ﾳǲ޳Щ´ʶģɼҲһܴͳˡ˵
˰ɣǴСĿȾ˼벻ܴܲͳӰ죬Ҳ˼˵
סˡ

      ʣҿһˣղ˵ͻ󣬶³
ϼѾܵʲôĻӰˡ

      𣺡Ͽ˵ĺͿĵȷʵһͿ
ʮͷϴģõģ˶дֻǷ֣Է
Ĳ˳й˵ϰ⣬һǴͳĶⶼһ
ִĽԴͳǻģ˵ľͲǴͳͳˣѾ
ִĶˡй˱ĶȻ٣ʤ
ȴ΢΢˵ԭⲻר塣⻹һ
˵һΪ˵רū塣й˵
϶һĽṹġ³Ѹ֮ΰ󣬾Ϊ̻˰Q
Qū뵱ӣȷʵ죬Ǵӵ
йûаQ࣬ҾͲ˵ԼûУ»ܶࡣҪѵQֻ࣬
ִֽʶûִʶȻҲͿԼͱϵİ
QࡣȻκֻҪֱһ֪ҲԷרū壬
߻ϵİQ࣬ΧҲԼϡԼǺ
ġҪĲȱ㣬һ㻹ҪıȽϺʹֱ̼
˵һ䣬йΪʲôҪִΪй˶һġɵġ
ġִˡ⼴йִĳ㣬ҲĹ޵㡣Ǹִ
һ˰ɣڻ˵Ѿɹϰר
Ĵͳûиı䡣һл䱾Ļνȫר
йԹûдﵽġĸ￪仯кܴ仯
ǻ˵иı䡣йڶʮһ͵ҪҪ׸ıר
ֻר壬йִ
 
      ʣȻרôأǾר̸̸ɣ

      רйʼڹԪǰ221ͳһйԳƻʵѾ
ǧʷˡʷڽ(˹)ʷ
ȫй˵Ӱɳơ䤹衱ֱĻ˵ǡӡ
ԺܻѪҺСҪƾ£̥ס

      й˹ϵһڽ̵Ĺңȷʵһʶ
̬Ĺңʶ̬ר塣ⷽ۰Ȼ٣
ȴҪٳ㡵һλ˵˵йĻ֮壬춰
֮ͨ˵Ϊ֮ϣͼνideaߡ
֮֮Ϊ֮㣻֮֮Ϊ۪֮Ա
й˾ͣһҪйһλѧ
Ļһ˵˵ǣȻ޿
֮¡׻ã˳ƬΥ֮Ϊ٣ΪӸ
Ϊ޸٣ǵά֮֮𡣹ʴԻҲ
ҲҲԻҲҲҲ䲻
Բң䲻ȣӲԲТ䲻ͣ޲Բ˳......
׻ȰΪҪٶ꣬ೣ򡣡
Կйרкεܡε

      ʣ˵ĹȻʷʵǽʵϾѾһ
һˣ˭Ҳʲô͡˭Ҳ֪ϡʲôӣ۪
ġʲôˡ

      Ѿ˵ģȻ֦ڵĶ
ѸˣˣϸȻϰɲ죬ɥʧ˾ԡ

      ˵רһʶ̬ʶ̬һ˼롣
ԼʹڹŴȻǹͨģȴǲƽȵġΪپϵĵλ
޵Уܲеκһһû
ĸӵĵĿܣ벻ңܲ
ĹܡдǷŵʱѾһҳ
¡λ˳һ˼ʹϵֻ˵ġ족
룬ټʮ꣬Ҫࡰ޿֮¡Ȼˡ⣬
ֻܡ޿Ρˣйר˵һĻǹܵһ
ˣ˭֮һʶ̬

      ǧҪһжΪǹȥ˵¡Ἰʮųġ
Сʱ֪ʵѾƷרѳΪʷˡǵѧѧʱ
֪йʵеĻǷ˹ãǱûţǲμӸ
ܵʤĹʵϣʵСȫרĻ
ʱڣǲСƬΥ衱սսءرٻѻ
ʵʵһɡһˡ͵ˣ
͵˶е˸̧ͷ˵һˣ
ʵҲô˵û˵ٻ˵˵˼ٻûԾѡйĴ
ûб䣬йͳĻеūԡ򡱲ܲͨһ˶
һϡ

      ʣеġһȥһú÷ʡ̸̸й
רôγɵأ

      ִ˵֪ʶרʵʲô塢ʲôҶйҪȻ
ôtyrany,authoritarianism,despotism,totalitarianism,abso
lutism......ôʶأר֮Բ޷Ϊ̧ͳߵȨ
Ϊǿάйרص㣬ֻķΧر㣬Ȩ
ʷر𳤣ررǿѡ

      Ұйר嶨ΪʼʿʼΪʼǰйڷ
ᣬǷ⽨ᣬȻҲרƵζǰܳҲС
ҲơӡֻġڵĻ˵ֻǸ
ͷӡԸĿ޵ģҪɵĶࡣйѧ
ͶǸʱγɵġйʷϵġټҲֻǸʱŻС

      һ֣ڽ̿ѧĶ˵йķ⽨ؿʼΪ
ʲôƫƫ˵ʼʽ˷⽨أʵⲢʲô̸ۡʮ
ǰܽ˶֪ʼʷϷ⽨Ͳʲô⽨ˡʾ˵
ĲǷ⽨ģΪ⽨ǧǰͲˡ㿴³Ѹ飬Ҫ
⽨ҲҲġʱȫй˵ĳʶڽ̿˵
ʼйǷ⽨ᣬʵ޳ɵǺܶġҲд±
Ƿǡѷұ΢ᣬ첲šȶѡһͬ˵
Ļרı֡ûʱ̽⣬ֻ
̸˵ģֻʼһͳᣬйʵеľǻȨר壬Ҷ
׫һӢʣemperorismǧ棬ǻûб仯
йһֱɻʵͳΡȻʱмʵۣɽģʱʮ
ʵۣʮʮͳηʽʼղ䡣ǵСʵ
ͳƷԺ󣬲иٵͼıר廹ܽʬ꣬䱾
νţ˳ݡԭ޷棺һᾭƶȵ
δ䣻δ䣬˵ûиı仯

      ʣѾᵽ˵רˡôר
ǿʲôϵάֵأ

      ޷巨ҡҵʸ񶼱ʼҪϡйΪ
йѧڣʵ˵ЩƫġΪʼǵһͳһй
۹ȷйרƻȨˡȫ÷ҵ۽ιˣ
صһף֮Ȼ޸ĸĶԣ׿
ʼΪǧһ̷ۡͬ˵ǧ֮ҲëҲ˵ٴ
ơⶼȫϺʷʵġʼʴ𣬼Է˼
ʩ(ͳһ)ʮꡣƣǵ
ʱ귢ۡء岻ʩʱöĽ
ټңѧҲһֱ׷׷⣬ֱ
ʥʦἴ䴫ûһѧͳͳ
γһֳɼΪѧйѧͳʵҵ˼
ܻ춡ٴСġơжǧŲܷˡεն¶˵
ƾѧɣ¾ֶ͡ҵ
淨ҲεרΪ֮ġΪ֮Σʹ֮һ㡰
һ㡰ɴѡԹŵйС
ⷨ˵ʵǲġεѧ
ܲ⣬ֻܿ̾(ӿ)ǧ䣬ˣֻǼ
©ǣʱաСҢ˴ܹ֮δһյ
֮Ҳ֮ǣ巨γйרʶ̬ᴩ
ǧġס֮Сҡ϶й֪ʶӵ˼
ѧȻкܴӰ죬̵Ӧ۶ϰյĿ־и
Ӱ죬Ƕȫġסԣ巨ڵʵã
Ǹ޷ȵġ춺ųơйΨһڽ̡ĵ̣򲻹йר
ʵڽϵķӳѡ

      һҪǿһ£סСideology
ʶ̬мִ̡֣νҪ㷺ö࣬Ƕȫ
ġ̻
      ʣ˵ʮּףҹȥû˵ģһҪ˼
̸йרʱ˼ر𡱣̸һ̸ʲô˼


      ȣйרıʼȻšݰ֮á
طιķѧ˵רȴҪҽһ걸
ϵҵŮԸĸΪ㣬νТܣ֮
죡תҾν֮¸Զ֮¾ҳТ֮š
ת족ͷϣν֮٣족ʥġ
ζֻ˳ӣΥˡ

      Ҳҷģѧ߳ʮǰָǧ
ѧ˵Ӱߣʵƶȷɹ˽档ⷽ
ʵ̫࣬ϧϻ軨Ѿûռϵͳ
ˣֻпһŬˡ֮νйġΡ
߽͡᲻ɷֲ𣬾ȫסй˵ľ
ꡣ

      ΪȨǾԵģûκƵġŵĶȨҪ
Լƽй˴û˵ġйŴȻҲиġе
µںҲԼ飬ȨǿƵġʵ
Ȩ⣬¹κͣҲҪЮӡܡй
ȨĸΪȨǾԵģڻʵ۵ʱա֮£Ī
֮ĪĶ壬ȨԵţҴ˰̣
һأҲ޻˵Ҿȫ춻ʵ۵˽ǾԵĸ
רȨ

      ҶĶ֪٣Ҳ֪˹綼һ
ۻȨǾԵģĵȨҪܵϵۻϵ۵
ˡ̻ԼǶȲйĻʵۡ

      Ϊ˼ǿԻȨйר廹һͳǡ̡Ȼ
ϵĴͳǰѻʵ۽ӣ˵Ȩֱ졣
˸Ӧۣʮ־΢ۡһ˵뵱ʵ۵Ķ
֡Ӧʤƺǽģ沼Ӻ˳˵ĸ
ɳǽϽġ֮ǻʵ۶Ƿˣˡ


      ǻʵţҲϵģԶδжʼһͳ
鶨ԳƳɹġ¹Ϊة࣬ʵ۴򱨸棬ͷҪ˵ǡ
ԡβҪ˵ǡЩԿʵкεϡһֱ
ĻлС˵ܲϴͳ

      йȨרһصǡһͳʶԴҵġ
﹫򴫡ݽ;Ҫͬ磬ݹᡱ˼Ҳй
Ϊһ壬һȻйĴһͳйͳ
һͳй塣ֱΪй(ɹš
)еȫ뺺˵(ɡ)ǣйȻΪ֮
ڣʵ֮˼޲ߡʵ۹Ⲣ춶ǣȻн޳
˿֮·ʵǡǣŷ˽⼫٣˵ޡˡʵ
Ȼǡʵ֪ۡһֱѻƬսŴơǶ
ʧɫȻ񻹲˵Ѿˡ

      ʵǡ׳񡱵ˣҪͳιĹڶĳ񣬵ȻҪһ
Աֱֳϸĵȼסɫһеһжϸ
֡ϰգ̧ͷϿֻһһĽݣ̫үѾ
ˡȷʵ۵ʮҪġǰ쿴˵ȼʶȾ
Сѧ೤鳤Ҫ֪Ҳйͳרʷ
һ֡ڷ⽨ʱ˵ȻҲǷֵȼģǾûרֵϸ
ϡ

      ʲϰչܵģҲǴؾͿʼһֱı
ƶȣԴԶЩйרص㡣

      Уйר弫֧ܵ֡1840ǰ
ν壬ҾҾǰʵֻǹ塣ѻƬս
йʼĸˡ1898ű䷨άµĿ̷ͬˣ
˵ɣҲ˵Զİߡ߾١
󡱴žäĿַˡҾ˻
ϣ˹ҡΪйһܵ۹裬һ
֮ѧϰıҪѧϰ˫عϵǺܲװƽġٽһ㣬սʱڵ
ʯҲԡΪҾңΪ御Тڸרߵġй
Ĺʵλ˵ѸĹۣǹȥĽѵҪμȡرҪ
Ϊ塣ͽ֮ʱйź
˹ͷġ

      ͬɣרҲرüΪԼĿ
˽Ϊˡ˽ޡһֳߵĵ룬ר
֮ѹƸɡҲйʷĽѵ뼯Ĺϵ
ܰʱһЩɹ֮⣬ʱûб˵
һ⣬ʵǡִҪоĵһ⡣

      ʣйڸĸ￪Ķʮھȡ˺ܴĽȫ
綼һ㣬ЩӦôۣ

      Ӧ˵ʮͣرʮ꣬йʷ;ĳ
Щȡ˽ǲСġʵԵĽ˵ϸй
첻ˣѾһˡֱ˵1901ŽگȰ
Ůٲ㡱ѾϿС̫̫ˡǽڶʮ
ǰйͷʱ䳤ʮ꣬꼰һ˵ĻΪʷһ
ۣһ󱯾硣Ļûȫķ˼ȫܽᣬѵ˵
𣿰ѹȥͷִѵǿܵΪʲôҪִ
ΪľҪִˡɵϵˡй˵ĸûн
ѵܴﵽĿ

      ĸ￪ԭʼҪǸҪȨĳɼȷʵȡ
൱ȨҪˣйĸĸ￪ɰշСڴʮ˸ũ
Ѫӡظ㵥ɿʼģĸ￪ȡΰĳɼҪһ仰˵
Ϊйһɡ

      ʮĸĸ￪ĳɾڿ͹Ϻϸ׼Ҫ
ϼӴĸȵĵʱǲ߱ġҵĹ۲ǣǵ
ʵڲԺйǧٹ̵ר崫ͳй
Ѿһˡ

      ʣ˵ʵڵģҹȥרۣǰ
йǧʷļ⡣ǲĶأ

      ȫ̸ϡҲһѧʵˡֻʹһ㣬һ
һѡİʮ꣬ҴִַһЩĵףŷ
۵㣬ͶѾˡ¶㡢ʡ³Ѹ
Ҹղ̸⡣㶼ԶԶ֮ϡǿֻһȱ㣬
û㹻ƵרֻԼľ֤ǶԵе
Ʋ㣬˶ǴݿĹҲƹ߶ѡë
սʤǰϦйߴΪıλë
˵ֻо壬ܴﵽ壬˼쾭塣
˵ûмԵĽź͸ԵķչҪֳذֳذ
ķϽֻȫĿ롣Ѿ˵
Ҳͬ⴫ͳйǰ⽨˵⣬ⷬʵ˵̫ˡڿսʱ
ڲμӸģΪʤһԵȫźͳַչ
ĩˣҲ֪ʵ̫ˣһͻûɣ
¸ȥΪһйˣҶϣܹë
1945

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ʹͬˡй˳˵ѵͷйһ󴬣Ϊ˵ͷ
ҲϾŬһٶ꣬ȻԼǿ϶ë˵һ죬
ӦÿԿġҪҪǿҪԣҪ
ļԡ̷ͬ¶㻹ë󶫣˶ڣǶ
ԹƲ㣬ûпԿ䡰ǧ꣬ݺһ
Уרǡࡱһܽʬ꣬䱾

      ˵һʽǽŽ
仰ݡڿ˵רйһʽҪıһ
ʽ̫ˡһ˵лͽСһֻ
Ҫһʮ˿ڵһֻɵȷһ£Ҳ
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      һ㣬ҪġйʷˣʱǸɡ
ɣͱ˱ˡ̫ˣΪһ
͵ӣָĸ￪˾ëǡ˵йר
Ӱ֮֮ޡǶҪ裡

      ʣ̸ͬƺѿʼרִйΣ
Ȼ˵רһеģôйͳĻ׻ûпԼ̳е
أ

      𣺵ȻУҶúܡΪʶ̬ۣרǿԸ
һУĻʶ̬ʮָӣʮַḻġѧ
Ȼܲܵʶ̬Ӱ죬Ҳʶ̬ܰݣ춿ѧ
͸ʶ̬ܲŵˡᵽҶԣӳڷ
ᣬҪΪƶһЩΪ׼򣬲Ϊĵר
һЩɶ˧Ҳƥ򲻿ɶ־Ҳֱ˵ȫִ
ĸͨͬӸɷµĶ壬䲻ƶƣ
ʷΪȡ컹Ϊȡ
˵˵ġʩˡĻѾΪȫ
ġƽɡˡǵġ塱Ȼ壬Ҳת
ʹǷң䡰ӷ˵ʵ۷ͱʾͳ
Ǹ߾춷֮ϵģ˻ִķζֻǻʼҵķƣҪ
ֻҪεͳĻרĶֻҪϸעޣ
ͳĻкܶܶĶԼ̳еġ˵ڵңֻҪ
һ㣬ҾþǿԻӭġ˵½˼룬ֻ
йר֮ᣬܴŹʡֻڸ˽̻
̻ʵרḯܷһ³Ѹ˵йҪ
Ȳ֮˼֮Ըʧ֮Ѫȡ񸴹ţڣ壬
֮䣬֮Ծţɳ֮תΪ˹
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ԡǴϣڶʮ;ɵģ
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Ӵ˿ڣͽĲһٶнľҲ
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Ѿ³Ѹоѧң¶㡢ʡΰ˼
ңڱ˵ǡҹڰҹûйڵҹй
˹׼˼ҡǱֳйĻԼԽԼ
ģдµġйͳĻĳ֦֦ڽѸúܶ
ˣֻʣϸˣϸȻܴϾ൱һѾ
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֮ɣԼ֮ɡֻԼ˲ܾˣ⻰˵ġ
ˣˡ˵ġȾȫһµġ

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Ҳȫͬģ˵ȫ෴ͳ֪ʶӵǽ̻ҽ
ТԱȶִ֪ʶӵУıײȱ㣬
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ȫרй˿̹ĵĽѵһ档ר壬
ֻԼŬˡȫĶǲģȨҪҲǲ
ġйĻĴǿָġ

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ǩˡȨԡ̸֮ᣬſԲμ
ó֯ˡйȫ򻯵ĽҲ롣Щйհר
壬϶Ǻܴܴ
      ʣ㱾˵̸⣬ڻתȫˡ֪
оԵ̸һ̸¸͹Ƶչɡ

      հʮһֻͣһԿ϶ȫ򻯵Ḻ̌ؽ
ҶȻ١ǣ¸ĩʱ򣬴Ҳܴﵽȫһ廯
ﵽ˵˼˵ζĵزע
˵ȫǺ˵һ廯ġھʹֻۣŷԼ˵
Ѿһ廯ǩ֤ȡˣҶͳһˡΪŷ޸Ǽ̳
ϣĻạ̊́Ƚ빤ҵҲͬԱ
ϴԵʡĲì̫ܶΪʹʷ
չٶԽԽ죬һʱŻԽ⡣ңȻΪ
ĿǰũҵҵϢͬʱڣѱһ
ѪͻҲøʷľ飬޷ųĿԣֻĿǰܾ
Ԥѡ

      ⣬ȽϿԿ϶ǣ˿ڽԽԽ࣬򽫲ʤԽ
Խ񻯣ȻйĹաһáʩȥҶ
˿Ӧû½ʵũ峬̫࣬˿ȴռ˴ͷ
ӡȡĵط͸˵ˡտѧֹ۵ĹƣȾ
취ԽԽ걸ȻΪһܸŤתĿǰơǵȻ
Լϣ춿ѧ뼼ķչҪڶʮһ;ͽȫ񻯵⣬
ܾòܡҲҪʮͲſиĸı䡣

      ᣬ˿ơԼ
ļᣬϻᷢʲô仯ʵ޷Ԥ⡣һʮĩʮ
ͳ˭ϵʮ;һأһԼѾ
ᷢչɵˣֻΪһЦ

      ˵෢չĴƻеġ羭г
Ĵ˭ܿܵġȫȨҲ᲻ռߡҪ֪
ȨֻʵڸϣνȨǲڵġɣɣǨ
ɣֻǸ˵ġԣȨͱȻר˥

      ݵѧҵ˵ԴӴըѾһʮꡣ
ôʱŨۺΪʮգҪʮղŲʮ
ʮһʮʮֲų࣬ȫʷʮӡ
Ĺ۵㿴һ͵ʱһ˲ʹᶼҪ
ڿ·ءţ滨ôʱ
ܲΪҪ

      ЩʮĴ˰ɣǵ̸Ҳýˡ

      ʣʱ䣬лл㡣

      ллĵĵؼЩ֮۵Ļټ