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(9)ֹΪʲôǿ̵ľ

      ǰ˵ڷֹоش塣ȻֲǷֹ֮
أá͡ơϳԿܳԿ̻֮壬йͳĻ
Ļиʰǣ˶꣬ò־졣
ǣ෨ֹѧԱȷʵֳȳ˸ǿ̵ľ񣬲Ƿֹ
ʦ̻ǡֵ̡ν?
      Ϊ¼ԭ:
      ȣ뷨ֹˣԭʵ̡֣Ψˣ
ǲױֹһ֮ᣬǿǹе򡣾
ƾֲˣȱ˴Ƽȱ˸ߣʲôֵ?
      Ϊұáʵ֣ɴһƽ͵ľ֡
ƽ͵ľֿɴϰһĶ֪֡˵֮
ԻӰ죬áʵ崴ʼƤ˹(Charles Sanders Peirce)
ŭİ취˵һŭӦ巴Ӧüë˫
٣ţ뻯ŭǲʶչ
˫ü˫磬ΣüɡԿ㲻Ƿŭԭ
Сˡ?巴ӦӦй(ֹ)Ķ
滺ݣҪ߷ˣֹʹƽ(Ȼ
е嶯ʹƽͣƩȭͲ)ƽˣҲͱȽ
ˡ
      УֹԱϰһ嶯һϰд󷨣ԣ
Լһʡ˼ʽʽͻ̵ĵ桢ݣҵԣ
ÿʡҲ뵽ĸе˽ޡЩ
ơڽŷæĺ쳾УǿԾؼһʱר޺Լ
¹Լľ񾳽¹򣬱Щһͷɺ쳾
Уʱʹ齫OKӲ˼ӲԼˣɻ
ؽЩʵеʧֵóЩ
      пάڡһд:ÿڵĵ죬ȫ
Ĺҵȫͣ٣еֵҲˡӭ˰
Ϣ˵һׯϵ˼ʱָֻ̡ĵλҷ
ʡһгϲ˼ÿ񶼴ԼŮȥ
ƺİĲݡ˸̰߰ɵĲ
ʤĺʿ˵˱Լֻ²ʹ˵õ
е֣Ӧ׷ҸǴӽûصȥǵҵ
ҪʥѰҹΰϵ۵Ĺҵ׳
˵ޡְ׷Ȩöд˾
һʱԼʱССת˲ŵ棬
ΰ󡢴ġ˵пάԡڽʱʱʹ
˵תֵġȷģôֹǲҲ
?
      ģҪʵ۵⣬ʵҪ־
öǿԵáν־¾ġһ˳еԼľĲ
ǾҪⲿȨ춷ԣҪĲ˵ʲô
˭˵ͬһ仰ʦͱͬѧ飬ͱͬ顣Ħʮ
ǳĦ֣֮Үͻ֮ϣܿܿûôЧ
˶־飬ܽܵԱ飬ΨҶļƣǷ
һ룬ЩȨָ͹ˣǲΪת֡
Ա顢ΨҶļƣŸӰǵ־ӶӰǵĵ
Ϊ?

(10)ֹڽ

      壬᲻ɥʱһʵˡˣгԿ
ΣƽǣǷԼʵݷǵûܵ
۵ĳޣΪ޴ɵðЦˣ
ȱ˸ҪͬӦͬ󡱣Ҫ˴˱ţ϶
ΪʵеòǱȱ˸Ҫӻеõ֧֣Ҳ
˵ǸҪ񻰣Ҫڽֹ̡ʹ˽ϳһ壬Ϊ
ṩһ񻰣ǾͲٸоµСһȣ෴ǻе
Լھϴﵽߵľ磬ǾԼǿĿɽԴ
Ǿ͸оġȥǵĵ롣
      彲ֵ֣ĺܶ࣬һ̵ĳҲͬС
Ҵıǣ߲Ϊ̶̣֮Ը
Ϊű׷󣬸׷󡣳ʶҲǣҪҸ
ͱԼļǿһʵķΧ֮ڣҪó־
ġҸͱʱ֡ڽȰҲõͬ
ĵֻĿƣıǷ

      һһ˿ãϳԿܹͨӮ˵
ͺøУͷԼҲԿνݱݣһݡ˵
һʵ˱˲Ѽʵݣο
ʵ˱˻ܵõһ־ϵ㡣᲻µ
ʱʵ˱˾ͺˡǷ֣ЩʵҺ˲ø
󣬶һĽޣԼһʵݣһӦ
һݶòеһ㶼ʧȥҪ˳Цʵ
еòرϵĻرҲòǾͻģͻᶯҡͺ
ټȥͬۡ
      £ڽ̵þʾˡһڽ̣ͿԶ
ʵеòӦеĻر̫ƽϣΪһõ㹻Ļر
ֹơ־˵:Բ÷Կ൱֡ԵϿ࣬
Ƿӡ仰ǾϻԵÿп࣬Ϊˡƣ֮ͬ
춣һ仰ѳԿıǰ仰ȴǰѳԿı
ڳԹ۲õһ־硣ֹԱţΨгԿͲ
޳˽ղ֮ޱõǰٻʵΪ˼
ƶһ̲Ǿ͸?

(11)̡Թ

      ϣǽ˷ֹΪʲôܹǿ̵ľļԭ򡣲
ǻûжԷֹᳫ־ʲôݣʲôֵչۡ
Ǿͽһ⡣
      ֹ־桢ợ˵:
      棬Ҫ£˵滰ƭѣ˴²ڸǣ

      ƣҪдȱģ۸ˣͬߣˣˣ£

      ̣ʱʱҪÿͦסԹޣǲܳԿ
̳֮࣬˲̡֮
      ־Уƶ⣬ýܣ̡־ҪһЩˡС
ָһָֹԱµ塣̣ı΢
˾ӸµĿݡ仰ʹɶԻ̵µС
      ڡ۵µϵһУɶν̵µĸԴ˱
ķɰѻ̵³ū£Թ޾ѹ
ܷʶĻԹޣȻһػصġթķʽ Թ޴
һµļֵһµʶ̬ӶʹųһԾΪ
ˡ
      ɣʤӰܣǿʳʤţܾӣǿ
Ǻãǻͽ˵£Ҳ߹ĵ¡ǻּ̰
ֵ˸ߵˣ䱾˵һ˶һԸ
ֵΰ塱
      д:
      ūڵϷʼԹޱøдԲֵԹ
޷һЩˣǲͨȡжֱӷӦֻһеı
õи߹ĵ¶һֿʽҿ϶ūʼ
ԡ硯ԡˡԡҡķ:ַ񶨾ūµĴж
ִӷѰȷֵжֵעǣ
ѰֵһԹ:ūµγҪһⲿ
ѧĽǶȽҪ̼ܳжӱ˵Ƕķ
ӦӦΪųӦΪǫ޵
ӦΪ˳ӡ(Ƕһ˳ӣ˷Ըǳ
Ϊϵ)ߵ޺еųŶ̬ȣ޿κεĵȴ
ϺõƣΪ͡ζ£ܱ
ΪԸܳΪˡ(Ϊǲ֪Ǹɵʲôֻǲ
֪Ǹɵʲô!)ǻۡԼĵˡұ˵ʺ

      (Max Scheler)Թ޵ķǿ԰Ѽֵĵ߸һ̿
ձ˲޳ɶԻ̵µУΪ̵µĻ
ԹޡϮɶԹ޵ķ˼·뷢ӡ
      ֪ܵ꣬ܵػзͷ
Сǵֱʧܣ˾ͻǿֱ̣ӵķ嶯ͷ嶯
תΪ嶯ָ嶯ġԵģǱġ
Եġֻܵ꣬Ż嶯:ͷ
ͬһȭȭͷסзһȭϻ
һţзͷָķӦָ
ʱѾжӱʮ겻仰ͽʾ
еʱԡɱ嶯ԻвԹޡԹһ̬һǿ
ѹĳвг嶯ʹ䲻÷й̬ĻԹǺʹ
ģҶĥƽ˵ġ̡,֮ܶ࣬һ
Թ޺ܽӽ̾ĻԹ޵˼ͷһѵѵҪ
˶ԷģΪԼУȴ˵Լһ
ѵ˶Էһͷ֮ޣѵǲϣ
ʱʱڵѪ
      ĻԹ޼Ȼʹ࣬˲ܲ취˷ʹࡣ˷İ취ֻ
֡һǱѩޡһһһǲ
ȴǿΪ֮ǿʮѵġ
ֻŬءؼסһ£ôŬءһ?Ŭ
һ£ⱾζǼ¹춻ƴһ
ڵ£ԣŬءìܡɴ˿
һ£Ψһİ취תƣǸϿѾͶ𴦣Ŭ
ñռ(ʧð취ǸϿ˭)
      춿кܶ໰˵ҵΪֹصҪ
ǵֿ˷Թ޵İ취:ǾǼֵĵ߸ֵĴ졣ܵ
ֻ̡̵˼ԹޣͼȻֹ˵ġ
ȴպ෴ֹ˵ġ̡ǡǡָԹޣǲôõ
?費ٿ裬˺ٿ˺ѳԿٿɳԿԲ
Ѿ˵ģԲŸáԲȦԲαذգӲŻԲء
˴ʲôǡӴӡQľʤȥʮֿЦǣ
QҪҪܸ߸˵ػȥʵоʤҲ
ǰֵԵߵô?

(12)̵밢Qʤ

      ˵Ļ̵£ʹQġʤQ
˱˵Ĵ򣬲һ֣˵ǡӴӡ˵߲һ

      ȣQľʤۡQġӴӡֻԼ˵
ģżע˵ˣöԷҲˣԷһҪعͷٴ
һ٣Ŀ˵ǡӴӡQģ˴˵ҪԼ
ԼQӲҹؼִ˾ǡӴӡԭûе߸
ֵûд¼ֵ
      ΣQӲԼǿߵ۸ҷԼ(
СáСD)Ҫȥƣȥ۸ˡʱͲ˵ʲôӴ
ӡˡQˣǣ˫ر׼ԭʮĻ
塣QľʤȥڰһԹתΪһ׼ֵʵϡ

      ˵QľʤΪЦҪڰQ˲û
Qִ򲻻֣ƴ˾ǶӴӣٴҲĿڣ
ܲ԰Q־ô?֪ܶ˱ԷֹмһˣЦм
ǣǿڷֹ⵽̩ɽѹʽѹʱвѧԱǰ
̣ץԣٲЦˣǲܲԷֹĿ
࿴

(13)ߵӢ

      ⡣һ̡͡˳ܣǲһ?
      ̡ȷһ¡˳ͨΪ壬ʵδغʡ˳
ܵġ˳ָһָһִݵġ̹Ȼ̬ȡ˳
ָôݵġ̹Ȼġʧϵķʽܿѣ澳ѵһ
ԣֵô?
      ˵Σܡǣһ˴ĵλȷʵ
ܷʱ˵ô?˹άӪҴ߷(Viktor E.Frank
l)˵:޼ƿʩʱΨһģҲֻķʽ
ķʽʹˡ
      ˳ܲһġ˵:ܣ
̹Ȼʹϣ䱾˵ĳֽȡ
еߵĽȡøµĻû˲ܹ
ͨȡͨܶʹġ
      Ϊʲô˳ܾȻһֽȡ?Ϊѹ߲ʾ
ƣʾھϵơȻϵƲͬϵ
ϵƿǿӸԷԶ˧ϵȴԷ
ĳϣƥ򲻿Զ־ֻҪƥԼܾԼ־ľƾ
޴ӽѹ޷ͨϵȷ侫ϵơͼ
Ҳǵ߼ǿȨ˭ȭͷӲ˭Ǵү򵥵˵ѹ߾
һ뿴ͷģϴ󡱣ȴǲͷģǲϴ
ζǲһףܾǵ׼ֵۣھ
ʲôơܲˡȺȺΪ㣬
һҪȺԼϴ󡱣Ϊ֪Էϴ
ôѶԷĥʲôزûгɹھϣʧˡ

      ֹ:ǲΪʲôһкȡ޾
סҪ찲ҪΧϺ?ַΪǡ֮ì֮
ܡ߼˶ԷĴʵַǷ߼̲
ǷͶ̵ǰǼ֡򲻻֣ڡΪ̣
˵˵ͣ˵硣ֹùƽԸ
ʽʾԼļ֣ȫûг̡ķ롣
      ɴҲԿ̡Ǵģ̡Ҳһֽȡ
˼ڽûеİοʵĿû뵽ǣڽ̵
¼ԼһֵܾͬѹߵǿȨ߼ۣͬ
Ϊѵһֿ?
      Ϊ̵ū£еߡʧߣ춶ǿ
ߡʤߵļʺԹ޶һۣǿ֦
͹ˣƷ˹ʵ:ִļôܴïʢǿ
ȡʤ?ȻߡʧܹɹذԼļֵۼӸ磬ɼ
ɼǲûʧܡɵۣʵ磬ʤ
ܾӣǿǺãǻôʤߣҲǿߣ
,Ǻãȷ񲻸ɰѻͽߺʧߵǰ෴
ô?
      ˳һᣬϸġۡ˴ĵĽۣ
涷ʤӰܣǿʳʵϸ˺ı⡣ԭı
ǡѧҪʾвֻ涷ǿʳ
һʴȹذзǿ
      ǿԿ̵¡ֹ̣ʵδǻԹޣҲ
ǰQʤǶױð䣬Ŀ顣̸ֵĵߵ
봴죬ʵֵǿߵģҲǿⴴġֵǱ
ĶǱֵġ˵ʲôǺʲôǺãǸʲôǺá
      

(14)Һų

      ֲֻ̡֮͡⣬һ֮⡣
˵潲̡˳ܶбһ棬ôáˡ
      ֪󲿷ַֹԱѹȺĽײ㡣˵
ڵֵĸѹ±ֳ;񣬵ǲǵ
ĳԡֹ˶ǵ˶Ƿ˶ֹԱΪ
ΪȥġʵϣЩ˱ֹж
Ҫõ̡
      λûҲԸȥԸ
Ἲ⣬㿪ңҲҲˣҲ
ҺһøףִܶҲǺ㣬򲻹㡣
ҲΪΪ˲ԣҲԴԴ㲻ԣҲ
ˣˡ׻˵ġһʶΪҵļʶ
ҲļʶֵۣҲΪܴԽΪҵļʶҵ
ֵ۲ȷģ˲Ӧ˴ˡӱϿҵıֺܣ
ųңСҺõıһ˵Ҳ֤ĳЩòܡ
òųıʵǳҺ񣬳ΪΪڼǿ
ߵĿ
      úͱǲͬģҲͨһԽ
ԼǺˣԼǺ£Խ̹Ȼġݵ̬ȶԴ澳
Դѹȡ

(15)˶ص

      ˵ָ̡Թޣָֹġ̡ȴ
Ҫ㲻ԹޣǲδǿѡϽ˵ʣ
ʵҲȥǺǰǺޣڸѹ֮²
ڽһֹԴһصİ취
      ת֡д:иʧ߲ãþ͵ʧ
ʧҪǿʧ˭?ãò
Сô?ˡ۸˵ʱͻѵӸ˼ңԷ
ίһʧȥһʹһԾ͸
һʱ򣬾ʹԼĿռ䳡Χ֮ڷһ£˼ϡԽ
أ˼ҵĵԽࡣˡ۸Ҳһ
      ȻôһþʧʧǵãǺ
ôƽʧķͺͳȫ෴Դʧ
̬Ҳͺͱ˶һˡֱ˵ذԭеļֵ˸ߵ
ֵּۣ˾ͲˡֻҪµˣһ
Զδڵ£ʧͬʱѾ
áֲеķֹԱڱȭʱĲϴ˵лл
ˣллˡһλѧԱд:ͨѧ׵Ƿǳģ
ģ춳Ǹ
      йԼҲϣԴȥȡ޴ֹ
ĿһҲûֵֶֹͣܵμпѪȣкü
Ѻе̸ߴʮ꣬кľʮˣ˵о
԰˳򣬵Ȼ󷨳Աǰ̡Ӧ˵Ӣ
¾ǺͷֹйϵġȺ˵ף޷˵
֮飬ϵĴ󷨳ԱʧĹ۵պ볣˲һǰѳԿ
ɿ֣Ⱥɿ飬ΪЩ취ϾͲ
飬ʵ䷴ǰ̣ԽǼԽǰκ?

(16)

      ȥһ̸ϣһλֹԱǽ˷ֹ
ۡиѷʵ:ô˵ֹԱʵ˽ǿϳԿΪ
ռˣռıˣǳСռˡ
      ȻиݵġʵϣҲڽ̵Ĺͬص㡣ڽ
áԿռˡСռˡ˵͹޵
˵:ſ˷˽ĶչԱ˸Ĵȱ
㽫ñȱ档ԣʱ˵˽Ӧô
      йڽ̵Ҳ࣬ʷȴʵ٣ڹȥʮ
Ƕʷ̬ȾͺЩڽ̵ζǼʷǽģģ
ʷķչп͹۹ɵģؽĳһõյ㡣չ
ơչǲ˵־ΪתƵģǲ赲ģ˳߲֮֮
ֻҪѡվʷȷһߣǾͲί
ΪǼšʷǹġʷỹסʷ
ʧܶģΪǼšʷվһߡʤ
һǣˣҲšȡպࡱǵ
ǵľ񽫳ʷࡣ
      (Karl R.Popper)ָŷʷʵŷδ
ǿȨʵȻԳɰӢۣԳɰǷǡŷʷҲ
ССռˡɡͶҵȻ»С
ضҪʤ˵ͶҵܾܿͶǳ
Уǳ춶ʤĿ:վδӮһ޷ȡ˵ǰ
δʤ߹˾ռݸĹɷݣǷͶʡڽû
ڽԿѲǺ?
      Ҫ˵:һһ£ΪΪ
ȷģӦõģΪûرһҲ֪µı
һ־ʰʧҴһΪ͵õ֣õ
㣬ҲָʧȡûؿۣҪ̰ͼؿۣҵ͸ɴʰԷ
ɼһ£ǳ춺ģ춶ˡĹذΣһ
ϣкñδضΪԼ˺̰ͼرҪǳ׷
ԸϣǹģֹϵùϣֶöƱж
Զ׼ͨ˵˽ɡ
      ҲΪڽ̾޵Ƶ˶Ϊȡûеıпά
˵ú:ҲڽʿΨһ档ǣΪڽ̱
ָ˵жҪֶΣȷڽܹ֮ץסĺ͹Ϊȫ
춴ˡڽ̵?ڽ̰硢»ڽǵڤ
ڤ֮жƱж񱨡͸ڲʵ
ֽԺԾ޴ľ֧֡ȻǶϣֻʸţջ
еģ֪䲻ΪΪ֮еġǶ춴ˣҪ
˵:ŰɣŰɣջǲеģǺްյġҲ
ûˡ
      ճǣ춼ᶨÿﶼյظĳ
һĿǣܸõ׼ס˵ĲɱĴ
ʲôڽ?ղķʿ˵:Ҫ㷺Ա
ڽôǿ˵ڽһɣһɼ
򣬶ǵʹԼЭֹ
šʧǵãþʧˣǳԿίνġͽȻ
ģܹõõرġ̹Ȼ澳
ģ(δ)