˹˽˷¼


() н𡤱ʲƷ


    ߰Ӵڿʼѡء˹˽˷¼˹
ߡн𡤱ʲƷ1916-1998ڶսڼ䵣˹
˽˷볤꣬ڼΪ䡱˹ŵ
̸̣˹ֳϯ˷˹˵ļи߷̸ŵʱ
߻ܡ˹֮⣬ʲƷ׸쵼ҲԱ
Ϥǣϣաա˹𼪶ë󶫡ܶҪ
쵼ˡʮ;ʮӦѧ⽻ʷ
սʷϵʷȿγ̡˹˽˷¼һžŰʮ³
֮ڶܴĺ䶯ٰΣ鹲,Ӷδսʼ
д˹ȥаʮչϵش¼ļ¼鸽ߵ
ϣա𼪶˹˹ֵҪΪ֪ĺӰ
ҲкܴӰ죬ѱΪ30֡ӵи֮İȨߴõ
˴뱾ѡһЩ½أ϶ߡıԶ˹
˹һžž汾Ѧ룬ľУѡʱĳЩ½ڵ
б䶯

һ ֤˹ϣաпʷ

1-1 ˹ûŵ¾ֵ鱨
     
	ķֹίԱά¥ǼССİ칫ǳ
ΨһֻÿһӴ˹˹¥ϴĴϹ
ɫһһĩʱпϮ֪ͨ¹ը
١ѾҹˣǣӴڼת˹ֻԼİ칫
æţԣÿ߼쵼ˣξίԱǾˣڸ
ĸλϵȴˡʱټ
	һСʱ֮ǰҵίԱ˹ŵͨķֹߵ绰
ңĪзûлؼңһ괺죬Ҹ˹ŵһڰɭĿ²
ֱʵ˵Լе鶼꣬ǿԻؼˡ
ǣˡϲҲԼĪзؼң˹Ҳ
κ˵׼ȷźš
	ͷߵʱ˵һ ƣһҪ
ҪȥгһСʱһҲð
	Ǿ֪Īзûдߡ죬˹ִָĪ˹Ƶ
˹ͳ˽˴ս˹һγ̸˹ֶԴ˴ηʱźܴ
¾ʼչ٣ʹѰѣʲġ
Ŭ˵ͳʹͶսȫսʤ˹˹
ŵڸս˹һ̸УóҪľʵϸ
ԣĪзԼ׸ﻹоרҵæ׼Ҫļ
	糿ξίԱǱ֪˹ʹҲϣ֮
Ī˹Ƶĵһ߼Ա̸ݡҵŷ̸
İ͸Ҵ֮ıʼǣѾ׼õļ¼к˶ԡ
	̸һطʹҸе˹ֶԻս˹˵ϣն
ʮͻȻ˹ΪϣղȻǴ˵˹
ǲɵȨҺͬ˵ΪʲôҪ֪פ
ִʹ˵¹׼ֵ׼ȷ鱨֪ȷе  
¶ʮ賿ʹݰЩ鱨͵Ī˹ƣѵûб˹
֣ң鱨פ¹ʹܿŵ򣬶Ҳפ¹ͼ
Ʒͺ״ÿ˶Լɿ鱨Դе
Ǻϵġ
	գ¶ʮһҹ䣬ˡһݱ档Ͷϵʿ
ðΣգɹӺ͵ӣһ̾վָӲٹ
Сʱ¾ϾҪʼˡ 
	˹ûЩλ֪޴ġ
䡱ͻȻ֮Ϲӡ
	ʣ˹׻ս˹Ҳ֪ݵĪ˹Ƶľʾá
ͻȻϮ˵ȷˣһЩ󲻽⡣
ս˹߶ôСϷģܼ裬ڽӲ˹
ֹϵУ򡰸䡱Ҫ鱨ս˹Ӧ
һǣòʲôҲû˵
	ϣ뿼ǵ˹ֶϣյ̬ȡһֱδı
档ǣ˹ڴĻɴһֶص֮顣
ϣշҲ߶˹֮֡๲֮ͬǿƴ
־ֶ෽Ƶġ

1-2 ϣңǵ¹

	һɴ¹ڼ俴һ˾ľͬ
񻯡䣬ͬĴģıԪ׵Ļ񣬶
׻ǳĺĽ滭Ҳʵ
ӢġϣհеʿͶ뼯Ӫ֮ᣬҲ˹
һǿʶ̬һЧȺڿʼҹ۲˴ӷ
ʤĵ¾ڰ־еıʽվϯ̨Ա߿ϣճ
ۡʻȺʱе˶ӿŮǾӤϣճ
񣬵ȴֺ֮Ϊ塱˹ҲһȸЩ
߹Ĺж΢ЦҲֺõس֮ΪĽߡȻ
ȴġ
	ʱһܽȡʱҲ֪
Ҳ޴ЩɺڡΪ¹ҹƵĿǽȻͬ
˹ֺ˽ƽȣҸᣬǣⲢûз
ȫǨƵǣǧũϣˡ
ǧ۹ǣȴ¹ͶսĽ
֢̣߰¹Ļ޼Ų
	һʮһʮգҸĪзϣڰֵ۹õ
칫ңҵһμϣաʱλԪȨ۷壺
ŷˡӢ˶ڼϣԤ㡣ϣ
ʶ˵¹սԾͶʮָ߰Դһϣ
ָ˹ȫ෴װƽ׽˺ȫ׷Чʹ
е𺳡ϣղͬ˹ΪǧɱȨ
ǾȫûбҪȨ
	ǽȥʱϣһ˴ڰ칫һž޴д̨
棬ͷļ̧ܿͷѸվ鲽ڷ
ӵͣסˣĪзĸֽܿŵԼ͸  
˶Ƿ롣Ԫ׸ÿչ֡Ʊҳʪ˸е  
жһ˹ַǳ
ǳƽĮ
	ҲΪġսڼҪ
к֮һˣ˹֡ϣա𼪶˹ܶȡ
ͬ𼪶ƴůס˵֣ƺڰο˹
ֺһֻ֣˸ܵһرܶ൱
ҲʮֿơܣⶼЩ۸ܣҼǵõľˡ
	ڵ۹칫ܵԪ׵رάҿʼĪз˵
˼۹ʱϣȻûϵҵİֿϸؿ˿ңͻ
Ȼʵ
	ˣ¹ˣ
	ǡ  һشȻϸĪз˵ЩʲôΪ
λ쵼Ҫ̸ȥԪȴҡ
	ǵ¹𣿡
	Ƕ˹ˡ
	ܣ ϣշǳȡ
	תĪзߵһŰǰΧɳӡǸ
˹ȥ
	Īзϣչйλ̸һλ̸֮ᣬϣս
͵۹õſڡҲţһ߷֮Ӧ껰
Ա档ڸ֮ǰϣίԱ˵
	Ϊ˹һΰʷűҲʷᡣ
ԣǳȻǣμӦüһ档Īз˹
תҵʺԼڲԶĽлĽ顣
	صĪ˹֮ᣬĪзȻϣյת˹֣Ȼ
һ˹ִжϵ¹ʱҪá
	ʣԪ׶ĸ߶ʹ䡱еԺ
Ϳϣˡһ꣬ϣԼսѡӸ˶
˹ءķԼʱ˹ָⳡѪɱԸ߶ۡ׸
θҽķɱĵһξֻϣ˹˵
	û˵¹飿ϣ̫ˣӦԸԼ
ζ֣
	һ졣ʮ·ݣ˹ֵսѻɱ
֪еֱָ䡱ȻῪʼ˶սѵ
ѹ߼ͼרң֪ʶӵȵȡɫֲǧǧ
ߡ
	ϣ˹ֺϣն˵Ϊ֮Ҳ๲֮ͨķ
Ϊˡ͡ͽ˳ӡǡϣǿɱ¡
ܵᡣ˹˵ġĳ Ϊ񹫵Сǹ
ǣǿԼлꡤ¶ɱȣײ
Ա߷˶Ļ̌ĹǻҺУ̧Ĺǻ
һ
	ʮһУܲͳνײ㼫ǿ
ķԡ˹ѹǸǲܽʮ¸ϣȴ˫صϲ
ЩȺһ棬ʹáʲάвթμʱЩȺṩ
˽һĸݣ棬ҲǶɴȺˡ̫˺
ʿΪĿ飬ʹμŲɣϣյܱ˹
ĹҪõöࡣͬʱԪһֱǳ˹ֵ̣Ϊ
ҲͬԸص㡣
	ʮ°ҶʱӢͷѾԵزԸǩԼԤ
˹ԣ˹ֿʼ֡սľʾ֮⣬ʱ
ûκһԸϷĹ͹ṩԮϣպī
ġߡѵظʸ罫ṩԮʹ
վȽŸһ˹ֱʵһʵġ¹
µԼĽڽ׸һ֤μԸĹϣһУ
ֻҪԼġʥ  ҵķܶһԣ𲼶ʲάˡ
ǵʱ˹濼ǹܷԪ׵޽ԼάŵΪ̫
ڹҵķ˹Ѿʺϸɴ¹ף
ְӽ˹ֵĪз⽻ίԱ
	ϣóۣڶʤ̡ʷ
καսʤĹһܿ᳹ɥʧ־ϣնⲢ
ܡһȹ̵ġŵߡǿͨͱʱ
Ӷƹߡ⣬ԪŲڰ͵-˹ԼĽھе
λ̸ʹԪ׵õһӡ󣬼˿ԱթӢʹ¹
սʱ˹ҵͬԡ¹õԽ
Խˡ
	ȻķֹٴγԸӢͷЭ顣̸пʼˣ
ǣӢ̫ͣȱҪȨһʼԤʾɹ
	һ³˹ֵóָۣӢҪЭ顣
ᣬʮһǰĪ˹۲ȡͬжֹԵӢ´ŵĻ
̸Ҳ֤ʵۡԱίԱϣԪ˧ʵ벨û
Э飬һ¹սվǷͨʱ취ŵĶŽ
˵֪Ĵ㡣ϣʵΪ˼ǿӢɳ
ӡӢĺ½ش˵¹սĵһ׶Ӣɳʮʦ
ȻɳʮʦĿǰӢԼֻʦԼһĦл
ʦ
	¾ľЩֱּЦ¹һʮʦװ
ָ׶غͰΪսһʼӦɳһٶʮʦҲ޷
Ტۡշ˹Աʱļƻʱƣֻڽ
²ͨңǣǷ񽫻в
Щʹϣ춰ʮշЩûȷͺ
Ļشôо̸к塭 ´޷Լ
μעҪʧܵж
	ִԸյ¹ϵĽʱƱˡǣЩʱ
ڸפִʹݴ찢˹̸ʱպʸϣ
յָʾʾԸΪչϵȷµʡƣӲ޵ĺں
ûκⲻܹ˫ؽ˹ѯʵ۹ľָ
ʱձʾԸҪ̸УҲԸĻ
۹¹פĪ˹ƴʹױͨ밢˹̸ݵĵ籨У
һѰĲ䣺˵¹Ͳ˴Э顱
Ը

1-5 ˹ϣ׽Բ

	ֹƵԸ⹲ͬо⣬Ī˹ƽᱻǵ¹
̬ı־ûдһĪзӼ
ʹظ˵Ĳ޵ĺں֮ûн˵һ
˵ǣ˵¹Ը⡰Э淶ΧĪзо˵¹һ
жԼ֧ձĵжԻųĽ
Э֮ȵ֮ᣬԵ¹Ƿʾɡұ˳ָ
Լһԣ뷨빲ͬݿ˹工ṩԮһ
죬вʱѾ׼Լ
˶ԱǣȴûԼһδĪ˹ƴ̣
μĽЭĽЭ;зĪзױ
Щܹ¹Ըʵֹϵϵ?˵
ʱûп¹ıκ֤ݡ̸Уʹóһۣ
ĿǰҪӢЭ顣ֲȡµŬʹķֹ
Ȥͬʱ˹ҲԽԽͬϣմЭ顣
	ױĽˣ˫Ŭ鿪ʼѸٷչʮ
գ˹ݷŬʹͨ˵ĪзԸĪ˹Ƹ¹
⣬⡣˹˵շ
ν̸Уز֮ȻϣѾȷ˾һֲԡ
׶Ρ۵뷨⡣ʮգױָͨĪз򣬳ưΪ
չϵﵽת۵㡱Ѿڵ֮ʵͻ
ȥһֱѺôôƻʹƻҪ˵ǣӢ
ߵһ־棬бҪʹ¶ϵʻĻָ
˵ķչʹ޷ָ¶ѺãӶһͬ
ŷ⡱
	ϣǴͺܲͬʱʹã˹ŵ
úµĽͬʱԹϵв䡱ȻϷ
һ׶Ī˹ƶԵ¹Ľ̬ĪзױƣȻ
ӭ¹ϵԸ㼱ɡίԱ˵
Ī˹ơҪӦ׼ԱʹгЧͬʱ
̸УĪзԵ¹ַԼֳȤУίԱ
ѯʵ¹ǷԸձʩӰԸĹϵ۶Բ޵ĺ
ҵı֤⡣ȻĹؼ춣ڴǰӢ̸У淢
׶غͰ費޵ĺṩ֤ǶԲı֤
Ī˹жǸϣյһʾʲô·߽ͬʱֲ
Ӣĵжжڣ˹Ҫϣձжͨ޵ĺ·

	ڼƻֲʱ¹ĿвĪ˹
ΪַԼʹһʱڱɴֵΣաʮգϣ
մ˵¹Ըǩ𻥲ַԼձʩѹչϵ
ûֱᵽ޵ĺίױĪз򣬼Ԫ׵
ǵҵγɵľԼƿܸӻΪ¹ֹ̲
ƣþͽҪԵչϵѸٵĳ塱⻹ͨ˵Ӱ
ʮԸʱĪ˹ƣӵԪ׵Ȩȫ⣬
ңҪĻǩӦļ
	˼̬ȸ˹ӡΪûǣӢ
ǳͨͳĪ˹ƵģһûκȨ
	ͬʱϣռɣһּۻۡĪзִ
־Ե¹ʹ˵ڵ۹ִĪ˹֮ǰȡһϵʵʲ
衱ǩó׺ʹЭ׼ַԼĲݰһ鶨飬Ե¹
ǰὨʵʼԲһᵽһֱΪ鶨
顱ֵļֱڣļȻҵıۡ
	̸еһ׶˹⽻̨ʧˡԼ
飬Ҳûˡǣ˹ϲ˵һ仰֪̫ˡ
һˡ֪˹ǹˡ˹ַǳϲ
ٴεõ֤ʵֻǰȫġ
	Ī˹ƻڰ̸пʼʱϡĪз¹ʹ
յķʻҪ׼Ҹܴױ
ϢȥʱڲʲԪλ춰˹ɽĹۡ
ǽֺ˾ĵ۹о˴ʹ졣ģϣ
ױķӦǴԭԤƲ˵˹֣Լ
ٻĶеļƻյĪ˹֮Ҳˡϣ
ֲ֮ǰ˹ִЭ顣սѾο
·Ţֵᣬζһ׼ƻٷա
	ϣٴŬʮգױӵָʾݼĪз
ͨȻ·Ըڡ¡ͨ⽻̸У
Ŀǰγɵķǳ治ʹί˵²ϵ
ʱпܷͻ¹ĶԿԪ׵
ֳͻչϵѣ⣬ڸʹָζǿָ
ⳡͻСõա
	ӵָ֮ᣬױǰķֹǣĪз൱
ؽظ˵ӦǩóЭԹֻڴ
ſܿʼ׼ַԼݰ׼
	벻תۡʹոջصԼĹֱۡٵ
ķֹȥȻ˹Īзױ̸Ļ㱨֮ᣬм
²˼ܸԪһͼĽסѵ¹ʹл
ȻĪзСʱ֮ǰ˵ȫĶһҲΪ飬
ױ˵㱨֮Ըͨݣ
	¶ʮǩóЭô۹ڰ¶ʮջ
ʮǰĪ˹ơ
	Ϊ˸ȷ֤ʵշĪзױת˻ַԼ
Ĳݰı
	ڰ֣һб˹Ըܵ¹ҪϣԼ
˹ִ໥½֮ᣬҪϿ档μӾ̸еĵ¹
ŽӵָҪֳԣǣ¶ʮյóЭǩˡȻԪ
ײͬշĪ˹Ƶᵽʮʮգֲ
̫ˡǣԼ˹ֵһױţǸ޵ġ
粼ʲάˡ䣺

һ¶ʮ
 Լ˹
Ī˹

1. ϵػӭյóЭǩ޸յ¹ϵĵһ
2. ǩ𻥲ַԼҸζǿ¹ĳߡˣ¹ص
·£¹ᶨش
ת֮ȫ
3. ҽάϯԼ⽻ίԱĪзĻַ
ԼݰΪбҪŪйص⡣
4. ϣĲ鶨飬ҼţʵϿ̵ʱɣ
¹µĹпĪ˹ƾ̸еĻ¹޷
ܹʱ̸ײǩ鶨顣
5. ¹벨֮ĽŹϵ޷ܡһΪʹΣ
ʱпܱΣ¹ڽᶨزһֶαԼ棬
ЩҪ
6. ΪԸĻ˷ʱ໥֮¹ϵǺġ
ٴν춰¶ʮڶӼҵ⽻Ҫ춰¶ʮ
⽻ӵй㷺ġȫȨݺǩ𻥲ַԼԼ鶨
ȡǵʾƣ⽻Ī˹ƶһһǲܵġ
ǳ˽ӵĴ𸴡

ϣ

1-6 ߵĽ

	ڵʱ쵼˸ô죿ΪӦǩ𻥲
Լ߼ʹǩĻҲþܾǸͱΪµġ
Ƿ鶨顣ȻٷĹ۵㣬Ϊ
ĳ߶Ⱥʱľ档Ϊڴ󲿷ֽΪǲµණ
֮ǰǹΪ׼򡣲ңƩȨҰ
Ϊʢٲϲͳĵ¼ȴΪȫеġ
ڵı׼ԽϣպīİƷϷ¼桱
ߣԼϣմɳݿ˵ĽԼǲµġ
Ӣ쵼˲ԸԼʮǰεߡǣؼ춴ˡҪ
ǣ뿼һ֮ǰγɵľ档
	ʱ飬εĶ֮һʽסÿ
ԼĿǣЩڵʱʱǺˡϣ˹ֵĵ
رʾԸһҪǸʱĪ˹ò
ûر塣ûзԼݻٲʲάռĿͬʱϣ
ΪԼӱֲڵʧҪģԤֲ
ޡǣ൱Ե˹ְʾڣᵽĪ˹
Ʋܴϡ
	˹ϣյżĪ˹ƳںԸǳϲ
żɴԼȷĽ顣μҿ
£ϣյĵ籨׶ذЩ첻塢ν˸ǵ
֮ɴһֱʹȨ֮ǰ˹Ϊ
вǹᵳˣӵظ˸ŽС
ͽˡ̬ǿġͳ˼Դ
ƣޱȨĺϷɡɴķʽ
ͨˣϣյ¹չϵҲʵġԪ׵ÿһ仰
Ƿɡ䡱ĻͬҲǲɵġһ
  ۣʲ׼ɻĲκ⡣
	Ī˹Ʒ籨ʱϣռ͵صŻ꣬Բ
ǣʼһ㣬˹ҵȷ·ҽõϣ
Ļش
	ķֹġˡؼʱȨ˸
ܾǩԼôα֤ɴԵһĿأ
Щʱв¹ǩ˻ַԼŲ״Ľڻ֮ᣬ
һ˽кƽϣտԺ˹Ų׵ĵ籨
˵Ӵˡŷ޽˺ƽʱڣҲҪĪ˹ǩַԼ
ܾǩĻϣսȫֻвʲά˴ֱػؾ
֦֣˲ַ뷨ʲά˱׼ԣŷ
پ޴вȫŽв¹Ը
𡰲ʲάߡΡӢڲ羸ռλ
£ٺʻõǵͬ顣޴ָǵԮΪ
Ψһ뿴ģǵ¹ͻ
	ʱǩ𻥲ַԼԷֹ¹սһʱ
Ч˹ִδųսòϣնһǣҪ
ʱӻͻԼƺṩֿܡңԼܹʹյ³ں
ҲϣҲǵģΪڵ籨ָڵ¹ȡ
ķߡΣ˹ֿǣһǩԼ¹
Ƕսǳڵģʹͻ
֮⣬Ե˹ֱ˾ʱΪֹ͵ʱĸԣƵ˼
·ȫϺ߼ġÿΪɴԵǱڶĴ¶۵

	ϣܲ鶨顱ڿҲûǽΪ
ͼıϣյзǳؿֲѾԤȾˡ
ʵǣ޷ֵ¾̹ʦŵĹ¾ƽҹ߽
ϣֽ˹˺ͻ׶˹ڿľ񽫴춵¹ͳ֮¡
˹ָһΪʱı߽ǲģһ
ʱǿӸǵġ൱̶ϣ˹ֱ˶Բı߽
Ρʮ¸֮ᣬ˶Ĳңı߽ǸЭ
Լ˹ίԱľȷģʷơƶߡɵʱӢ˶ѫ
߽߻ԭҪڿ˺Ͱ׶˹˵ľ۾
֮᲻ÿսʤз˹ָӺ
Χ˻ɳ˴սͷҪ壬Ϊʧܽ
ơˣҪҶ޷ַĺʦתǰ
׶з˹Ĳӻϣȷռ컪ɳǣϷ
ίԱ˹ȴռַûз
ӵõ˷ʺЭԼȽشз˹Ĳӣ߳
˶ͬʱַ򸽽ĲҲȳˡռ˰׶˹
ڿ󲿷ֵ֮ᣬʹһŶһǩԼǿԶ
ԶԽˡƶߡ±߽硣ϣϣյЭ齫ʹ˹
رʹлԼƽٴνҵ߽ߴ
աƶߡ
	ǣϣմЭ黹Ļᡣһžһġ
ĪзһĴ̸ȷظλ˹ս˵Ļôһ
һ¼һµӽǡһʮһ¶ʮ
Ү̸ʱѾݶĪз˵ΪԼΪ
⽻춣ܵı߽硣ңǸ˹
ɵƺ
	˹ֶս½ӦġһΣǰѸոճ
߽ѧͼ͵ıչ䡱ͼѵͼ
ǽϣȻ˵
	ɣʲôɹ ȫû⣬һ
ǰ˴ǰѱ߾ƵԶ뿪յĵط޵ĺԹž
Ƕأֳǵġ׶˹ڸһڿ
ˡһĦˡҲһ𡣡Ȼ̶Լ۹Ķһ
˵ʲôǧȺǵġȫ
ɣð˳ҲǵģҲǵģԶ·Ҳǵ
йɹšͳͳû⡭
	Ȼᣬ̶߼ϵ˵
	,Ҳϲǵı߾ߡ
	˹δܶһŶһĿ˹
	ᵽ½磬ҲǽϣյͬıǾ
ʤ̣ȻҲѪԼȡ˹ͬ˹ͬĽ
	˹ֳ˵۹ҰġԭɳȫԴ
йĽձ֮ᣬһʮڵ
˳ۡСֻعսǰҹĵͼϱʾΪ
ĵ޵ĺҲԸ鶨ʹпʵ
ЩͼЩͼҲδս֮˼άʽϵġǣִ
ϿǲµģԵġͬܲϣ¶ʮյ
飬Լһ¶ʮյ鶨͹ϿԿǲδյ
װͻʼսߵļǰߣսգ
˹ˣָ˴Լ200-300ֲǴάһ
ֱӴʼĻջʲôˡҲܣڣ
˹ڻǱ̲Ϊϣƻûʮ¸ҡ
˵ԴʷʵҲҪΪս֮䣬ʹ
⵱ʱΪǡϷιߡάйս⽻һ
εļ˵ڵʱ顣
	¶ʮһգ˹ָϣյĴ𸴽ױ

һ21
 ־۹
ϣ

	Ҹлš
	ϣַЭ齫ιϵƴһת۵

	Ҫ໥֮ĺƽԼ¹ͬǩ𻥲ַԼ
Ϊνž棬Լ֮ȷƽ
	ίͨͬ춰¶ʮǰĪ˹ơ


Լ˹

	ҹŷʱʮչ¹̨ж˽ĿȻᲥԱ
ׯϵ
	۹ǩ𻥲ַԼЭ顣۹
ս춰¶ʮյִĪ˹̸С
	ϣռȫѾ˹ִɵЭ顣Ҫжһ·
(δ)