  α


   ƽ


  (1)ͳطααĽ

      ĵֱͨӷɣ෴ǳ廹
ɵ̬عͷָʵָαԻα
ָ𵹲Ǻ޸ݡѧʷ(Judith N.Shklar)˵:Ϊ
ȡõĵ³ɾͲ⣬ʶˡ˺͵ˣ
ˡΪα(αƣhypocrisy)ʵϣܶ
˾ǶʧˡɴǣӦο
αĹϵ
  
      һֱǹ䣬˵ʱαġã
ҲǺ޸ݣô?רƺͷ˹רƸ鵹ǲ
αǲǸ?
  
      αҲãαһô?ЩαǱαö?
׵طαǳαĽ?
  
      ʲƳԻ:αаʾһ־⡣аҪװе
Եӣ˵а֪飬˵а֪аξ
Բ˵ϴԵԵľ޴ѹαʵа
ʾ⡣
  
      Ϊα߲ҹȻ񶨵ԣҹȻаԣǻپ
ҳ취ԸαߣսʤαߡͯºУСһ
ƾŴǣαߵαƣҲα߲ҹȻΪһ
㣬֮ì֮ܣα·סֽţͷսʤ
ǿαߡҪаαƶԲҪȻ񲻸
?


  (2)רαα

      ˵αôר?
  
      ʣרҲŴαר߿ڿ˵ԼȨ
ģ˵޲׼רⲻα?
  
      αֻαһαα㲻

  
      ר£ααġ⻰˼һα֮Ϊα
αȻԼ֪ԼǼٵģָΪ档Ҳ֪
ǼٵȴҪװ٣αʧȥα塣
  
      רߵαʧȥααר߼ðΪƣ֪Լ
ơΪƣܿƶǶ񡣿
Ⲣר߼ðȥҲڼרߵӡ
³Ѹ˵ġϷ޵Ȯ塣רᣬеĲ
αȮ塣
  
      ˵רµααרµααģһ壬
ǸҪһ塣Ǿ˵רʵαǶԼ
α£¶ıĿ
  
      ͽרͳεǰʾ:˵ĲҪǵţ
Ҫǵŵ˵(˼)νʾԼ
ķʽĳֲԵϢʾһ˵ƭͬ߶Ǹһ
źţƭߵĿҪΪ棬˵ĶʾߵĿ
ȴҪղ֪Ϊ٣Ҫȥĳֶñȹͷ
ȻͷƣǵҺ͹˿Ͷ֪ⲻӶǹӡС
װӵǳαӡһαϣ˰ӣ
αҪղ֪ӣҪĵﶼ
Сˡ㻹˵αô?㻹˵αô?
  
      ٸ˵ٹŶƭ˵ģ˵ϣ˰ѼٹŶ
һȥһ˵ܷǼٵģƭ˵ģ
ǲ˵ϣܷȥʵСȥ?ȻǣҪ
ܷȥʵȥ֣鷳ˡʵϣϣ
ܷ档ɼרߵƭ˶ƭ˵ģααģɼ
רߵ⻹Ǹα⡣
  
      ǰ˵һαƻαǿܲǻ£Ϊζ
ƵռϷ磬ζŴ˻ƣƣζ
ﻹԲűƵöҲòðΪƷҵǳζŶ񻹲ҹȻΪ

  
      α֤ʵʵڡ
ɶѡٵαԣɡɵαԣָǶ
Ϊͳ߷ģΪǮ˷ġ⻰ڹȨǰ»ţ
ΪʱĹҰ˵ѡٺɱӮˣ͹
ѡٺɡαĹԼͳߣǮˣ˵
ֵýӹαһֺο֮ǧµͬˮ?198
1꣬ŵڿɺƶ淨Ҫ󣬳ڲʾ
ȷܾʾ:ȥǾù񵳵ĳ淨͹Ϸ
ǾҲĶϷɴ˿ɼ
ǵȱȫʵԣйר߼
绤ʿ֪Ųɡ
  
      ʹ˷һȤ̸ڻؾ˹Ʀѧʱ˷
Լսг:˷սҲܼ򵥣˵ҲǶһһ
ҲǶûһǶġȻֻ˵һΪ
ֻƽ֣ѶԷˣԼûԵøߴ˷д:˷
ҲһԼåжȥ°̹ϵĿڱž
˼ҴٽҷһСпָα⣬͵ʤ
͹Աָרƶ÷༥սǺ?
  
      ˷ս֮ܲһЧؼ춣һ˳˼϶
ȼٺã̹ϱακáȻ±޾ӣҶСˣΪȼٺã
С˾ͱαӺá
  
      ʵǴشȷ߼:ҶСˣҪᳫ
αΪȥ֮(αֲ𿪼Ϊ)Ի:֮Զ
αҲΪǶģƾַģؽ뱩ңԱ
ԶαΪķ(巨)ڸǣԼ
ӣααȷָαṲͬ
룬ûαͲ硣


  (3)ƶʹαƣƶʹα

      һЩй˱Թ˵ôƽȣ
ʱţ˽ﱧƫľ͸ձˡ
޷޵˵˱ƽʵαġ
  
      ֱԹȻиݵģϧ߼˳˵ˡȷ˵
:㿴ôڹﱧƫǹֳ
ȴ̫࣬ƶϷϼƽȡǶô򵥡
  
      Ҫ˵ααǺܺ?Ҫô໳ƫ
˰ǵƫرΪӣҪӹȻд
ɶƶȣӢ۶úӷ쵰Ǹ鵹ǲαˣ
Ǹ?
  
      ֻҪѡսŰܡɡŰս춣
Ƕһѵġʵ̬ȣԵ㣬ǾͲܲ
ϣҪ˳׿˷ƫǲܵ(Լм
)ǳֻܽһֿ϶ƽȵƶȺͷɣγһֿ϶ƽ
ȵۣӶӵĶԷٹ
  
      㿼ǵƫô࣬ƫô
Ȼܳɹ˵ǵȷűɷɣγƶ
һۣʹЩĻƫ˼㰵ﲻΪȻȴò
ͣҪҲòûʵ¶ҹȻΪ֮
˴ƣ͸֪Զô˲ʤ͸Ϊ֮̾

  
      Ȼһ˵ƫ˸ٹ̣ѳƽȵ˼
ȡʤ?޷еαԻαơһ
ñʵϸЩЩ˵һԸж棬ƶ
ԽԾ춣ʹЩõҲòֵԺһЩƶ
ʹҲòΥԸı֣ƶʹҲòΥ
Ըõı֡͵´αơɼαǺƶȵĲͬ
ƶ´αҶ˵й˺ܻܳªȥԽ׼
Ϊ٣ŮĸŽҷϹȫ񸯰ܣȱٹ£˵й
˵ĻûƶȱƳģǡαα񡱡


  (4)òαıҪ
  
      ֮ԶαҲ仰Ȼ⣬ȫװģ
ֻжûƣֺαװƵ?װ˭?װк?ҰԶҰ֮
ǿʳƵţҰ޴αɴ˿ɼα֮Դڣ
ȻΪжһ棻α֮ԱҪǡǡΪƵһ
αƼԶĴΪǰᣬƵĴΪǰᡣʵӵĻ޷˵
ЩʵαװģƣαװǱҪģҲ
ļֵ塣
  
      УĳЩڸǡװǲٵģǡճòǲٵ
һ˼òǺ׶ΪʲôαʱǱҪģдڵĵġ

  
      ̨һѡУĳѡ˹һλһ
˵衣λѡдǵر:ⲻ衣ñ
ֻ˵һʵѡ
  
      ѵλѡСʱû˽̹ҪñòȡЦ?
ѧһĲмﳰЦɯŮò˵ڿ໰
һн˸ηӦ? 
  
      һֺ壬һָĻ硰й
һָò硰̸ֹҪӢҲ࣬Ӣcivili
zationcivilizedҲֺ塣ɼʼĻ
ĻǴӽòʼġ֮֮֮
֮òǴҰҲǲһǰѴҰ˵̹ʣ˵
С顱ĸУ֮Աǣ̸ֹԴϴΪ
ǵܸܸΣˡ


  (5)αķʽֵα춼ӱα

      УǶŪǷǵˡŪǷ֮ɱɣ
ףҲǻģΪƻ˽ĻĬ
׻:ĸǰ˵?ĸ˵?˽½ĵĻת
ģԭⲻһֲҲǰŪǷǡ˵ǷߣǷ

  
      д:ϵĸа˹Ļ򹲲:ûܵ
й˽Ϊһ塣嶫䰮ĳʵ:ûдķ
ӣƤ!͸!һΨһɹʵ:һȫ
Ƶᡣ
  
      д:ڡв֮ܳᡷҽЩ:
֮Ҫһ֮ᣬһܸ߶ȼӵ
ʱһ֪ѩϲȾ졣е
̸¼һ֪µںһ죬һ
һһ꣬ƻЩ̸ʽڵ̨
¶Ӿ췽һ󵨵ǰδеľٶʵ˳Ծһ
ɹһӣѾܻΪ֪֮䣬ʲô˵
˵ѻ˵ֻͼЦظü˵Ķ𾪶Է
¶ϲܳϵ˼룬ȵ(ϣڡ꡷һʫд:ν
?׵棬/˵˻ɻ̸/ɢĵĽ/߾
ߵ档)ȻǶһΪ֪һ
ʱڮǵѣ˵ֻ˽ڹϲͬÿһ˵
ľ飬һϽŸ˵ֵǣԶ׼ȴ
Ȼ󲻱ʶϣϵرӵסΪһ
Ӧñļֵ⡣ֻ𽥵(Ըķŭ)ʶ
˷ָĲĻǶǿ飻ʶ(·
ܵ)˽빫Ǳϲͬ磬һͬΪ
ıزٵĻɴժĻﷸ

  
      նʿ߼ѧҡѧҼС˵ɽ󡤼ŵάҮ(Alexa
nder Zinoviev)п˵ԽԽţҶʴǴ˵
αָʵǲԵġһڹ˽³ϵıֲͬ
ͨΪαֻα˵αҲ
ýı֣һ˷ֶַֹ֮һһҿ
Ƶ뿪κ˼ʹϵܴڡŵάҮָ
֡αķʽֵααǡαƽ
ӱα


  (6)̬ļֵ̬

      1992ͳѡУʲܸ˿ֶ١ͶƱᣬʲ
ʧܣֶٱʾףء
  
      ʣʲֶףǷ?ȷ˵ʲصк
ŮһʱҲ˵ףؿֶ١?ҲšҲ룬ʲ˽
˵Ҫͷ˵Ҫѡ񣬡Ĳš
ޡ˰Щ¼ȥҷвʲαӣƲ
˽¼Ĵۣ˵ԲʲαӵָأԻǲ?
  
      αһȫǻģʵһȫǺõġǫһԵ
ӡʵģǫαװġӶϾͿԿúѵ
?
  
      ǫΪʲôܵ?ǡǡΪǶ֪һΣһαװ
֪ȷʵǸǱ˲Ը̼ǵĻģ
ǰҫǾͱȽãǳޡΪʲô˷?Ҳǡǡ
ΪǶ֪ϵġʵġ˵Ĵ׽
һֱȽ˵Ĳ족׻˵:˱ˣˡΪʲô
?Ϊ֪ȷʵǸͱһȣǲܲеԼ
ĲǸеɥǲˡҪǱ˲Ǹ
ǶһȵӣдţǻᳰЦˡ
  
      ǫ鱾ָһֱ֣һ̬ȡѡĲʲʤѡĿ
ֶٱʾףʱǳ޲ʲзȡֻ֪һ̬ǲû
浽ǲʲĵܣȻһΡ˵
:һִĵĽεúãкܺõĸݣһ
ٵ˵ԸıҪõҲû
ʱʸǱҪġ
  
      ݳװ˿ġ¸Ҳһǲ£¸ҳ
װ¡ţ򵱻̵ǰһ죬̩̽ţЦŭ
޾ɫǵȵ̩ᣬţˡţ»ޣ
Ͳ¸ңỳľˡ
  
      ʶҲǣֵǫǽֵǫ飬
ر˵ģʵȴڴ˵ģһֶ
ıȽϣʵȴڴ̼ǲıȽϡǫʶ
ΣӶԱɹֱӵĴֵ̼ǫΪͻ
ԡֵǫͽͬ;ͬ飬ͬЧ˵
ֵǫǽ
  
      ǫҪǮģûκαȱ˸֮ȴҪǫ̬Ҳ
춹ֵǫ飬ǫǽ㲻ϡ÷
ڿĳλǫ:òǫ飬Ϊûôΰ󡣡
  
      иӹţȻӹζŲװţűʾĽ
ôӹʲô?Ȼűȼٷźãٷܱӹ׵ֱ׳
Է㾴ⶼûҪá˶һɵõ£ô
һŵ޷ǾһЩ˷ŶһЩ˸ӹš˹˵
:лл!һ˸ӹţҪֻúˡ


  (7)ûйûй

      ִֻʽһǿᣬһͶƱͶƱֱַ
ʽһǹһܡΪʲôеĻͶƱҪУеȴҪܽ
У⡣
      
      һ˵ζŹţרζܡաĹ
ῪͶ⿪ţϰտǰڻеֱֳй˴
ȴڿţϳֵĻ޲ֵļˡҲ
µĸֻһɶ⿪ţͳټڸͨ⹫
ѳܻһιŻ顣˵ͶƱ˵ǹ
ͶƱ͸ǹͶƱҵԱͶƱǹ
ģȻ޼ͶƱ(ͶƱ)ǡǡƵķϲ
ͶƱرëʱϲȡֱ͸ķ
ʽ
  
      ˼ܶŹͶƱͶƱԱͶƱѡ
ҲͶƱһ˶ͬԱӦͶƱӶѡ𡣷ѡμ
?ѡȻȨ֪ѡԱÿشϱʾԱһ
Ʊѡ֮жͶģȻҪѡ֪ͶʲôƱ
  
      ܶͶƱһ㿼ǣ㿼ǣܶΪѡҲӦ
ͶƱܶΪһµǰѡ񣬡һǸݸɵ
ѡһǸݹɵѡֻԸֱϲġǼ
ʾԸõķ棬ǶԲԼõʾҲá
ܵ½ڹ¸̰⡢Ż˵ĶԿ
춽׼ɵƫĻͶƱܶ
ΪֻҪͶƱܱ֤ǳԹġǣ뵱ű˵Ϊ
Լ绤ЩжΥ˵ҪģΪʹ
ԼĿɿɡֻ֮ҪԹķʽ
ͲܲΪҳĳ˵óڡǫ̃ɡͶһζ
˽¼һԼ
  
      ָܶ:ܱøΪ:Ի
˵ĶеļΨһǶֱĲԾء
ͽдȻֱһֵ˵Ķ
ηС׻˵ġסˡ˵ĶȻﲻ⣬
ǹԹԵؾ޳ɡ
  
      ܶûаѹͶƱԽԾԻĳЩͶƱ
ȡ֧кȨǿƵʱͶƱ߲µȴΨֵ
٣˸Ȩ߸£ͶƱ˵
ѡūʹǰѼκ鶼ǿ̵ˡ
ڲͶƱ߿ܱܵһ˷ǷвʱͶƱҲȹ

  
      ĵͶƱĵƣһ˵ҲǹܺáôΪʲ
ôѳǻҪȡʽ?Ϊѳǻ鲻ͬһ飬Ŀ
Ϊ˴ɹʶͨߡʵϣνѳܻ鲢ƶһ
ֻһܷĲݰⲿݰֻڽ۱ʽ
Ϊܷġ㲻ܵԤ飬ع״
շѳǻ鵱ߵĿǣ鹫УǵͿܱýӲ
κ̽ԵķԶ㷺Ĳɣκθı۵֧
ߵѺͷߵļЦҪǣһĳ˹̬òͼ
ˡһʱʧҲͺвȵĻᡣ벻ЭֵĹʹ
ЭѽС
  
      һǻ㿼ǡͼ˵ŵ
ǱֵñʵϸЩ(ȵ)ר෴
רƴ˵㣬ʹǱֵñʵϸЩ׷
ǰаααƵĳɷ֣ǡǡ֤ααƵ塣ѧ
(Ruth W.Grant)ָ:еĳЩϣαƲаµ
¾Ϳ£ܵȵĻ֮
ԵĲĳЩϣһڹ±ֵñȽϺ(α)Ҳ
ͺܲˡӲҪαƣ㲢ܵõƣֻܵ񣬳
׵Ķ


  (8)µľµ

      (Edgar Watson Howe):ܶ໵£ڹ컨աĿ֮
˶װޱ𾪵ģʵ˽˭û̹⻵öء
ʵһ΢ԡɼʵֹǱ֤Եƶǰ
ûйûй
  
      ۲Է֣λǺеµĳɷ֣Ҫڴ֮ͥ
˵ڵģͲȫõ춲ˡһ޳ܵ£ܹ
˵޳ܵĻڹλУ˭ҪǹȻ񶨵£˭ǰԼ
׹ĵλͬﶼҹվһߣɱΪʲô
Щ¡˵?춴ˡ˵ú:˵αǱ
ģ˵Ȯ岻ܳΪԭ򡣡߷ζǣ
α֤ڹе³嶯ɱʮ˻ȡʮ
ֻ˻СƽǸ̨?ʵ仰Ҳȫ
εģйֺγĹȶĵֻԼľȨ
  
      ٽΣβܱαΪ˵Σ˵
Ҫ˵ĸΡܵѻ޻̸춹
ҲֱԲ䣬ȻУҪ򽻵ȴȷַǵˣ
йظͻ˴˼ȱΣҪԸĺ
ҪΣҪĳα
  
      һֹ۵㣬Ϊͬ漯֮Ϊı
ۻۡطֹ۵㣬Ϊβܽǻྺ˴֮
ּۻۡϾβͬɾãΪβ漰
漰ԵַأġҳϡҰġ̰
ȵȡ׻˵뽫缤Ҫ˵ȥĳ£Դ
ʱЧǷ̼Էĺͽи׳
˽˼˵ճɽɮġɼϣʱ
ҪȨıҪɣҲҪĳαεġָ϶ʮ
ԣⱾǲԡͳطȨıαᵼԭΣ
ֻᵼ³˽ᱣ֤ҵӦеĳɹܵ
½֣ʧܡ
  
      ˶εĿ춼ˣҪô춵µľ壬Ҫô춵
塣ò෴ʵͨµľҪڵʮȫʮ
ﲻһҪͷףɴеµ塣Ǿ͵ó
ۣ˲ܸΣξͲܵˡҪôԶΣһΪҪô
ζΪԣµľߺױɵµߡʵ
Щϵĵ¾ߣǵ塣˶춼Ȩרͳ
δӲԣƶȴٰޣȫ𱸡


  (9)αƵףα

      õһ仰ǣľɵֱġԱĲ
ָεǣζǲӦεĲϸĽ
ƶȵĸĽŬõƶȡνƶȣֶܷ
Ĺãȷе˵Сֹ񡣺ͳĶȣαƲʧΪһ
СĶʷ˵ƶȹαƣټϸɶھָ
αֹξֿαҪԺαձԡס
һ㣬ʹǶαһָƽʵĿ
  
      ĿԪѫ䲼ܷȷ츳Ȩʱ֮еĳЩ
αģǼȻҪάαȺ츳Ȩԭ
ҪͬȨʱǾͺѹܾǵ츳ȨҲ
Ϊձʵ˵ú:һαߣһαƣͷ
αˡѵ?
