˹˽˷¼()


	ҹķֹ

3-1.ı

	Ʊ仯١һʮգ¾սֺͱʱ
ϣսԼһεоΪҪʹҡǿȻû
һΡսЧˡ¾֮ھռ˺ʱҲ⵽
ͬˡῪʼ˷սۡ
	ұٵ֡פ¹񸱴ƶǰ¹ص˽
ҹش䣬Ϊȥ¹صҪͬһȥ
	뺣֮·ͨѸٻָڻ𳵵ĺͳֻд
˻ʹڴ̡ںڣڼ·űը٣𳵼
ȣƺǰǵ¾ʱ֧
	Եսۼطվŵ¾ڱǺ
ά
	˳·ˡʳڹ˾ ƶȡַ
Ȼ¾ռһҶǿšȻǿǰ¹ص
ڹ·ϲųռԼһʮ·ڣʹբͣŵ
װ׳ֳֳǹֿĵ¾ʿͿαװɫĵ¾ʻ
װѲ߶סǼ֤
	ʱǿ˳Ϸơŵ˽ζպĿζ
¹صըٵĵֳػĸۿڲֿȵð̡
	ڴ룬ϴʱʶĹ˾ӭǡڹʵİ칫
ƶ᯵õ˻Ϣ촬̨ϵںըջˣѾˮ
Ȼǳȥ߹ǰ촬̨ʱ˱
һѵķȫشϣϲ㽨ʹ޽ӽɡǦ
ͺζЩζңԶƽ1937꣬ʱ
μӹֵԺ
	˾ŵӿٶ䶳Ľ졣棬֮ǰ
ãȻԺա
	¹ص֮ᣬǿȥ˲³ս£ʱʹ
Ī˹ƵϵжˡҪƶڵŪں
һƬƽ󡣱߾ϣֻиͱʱ߷վŵĵ¾ٲ
ʹռ졣ûκǩֻ֤֮ǰӵ¹⽻õһֽ֤
ǹȫǣһʱڣоս
ߡطȻйս·Ժ˵Ŵ򻵺ջٵľ
ʱһˣгװһͯͶƳ
һЩļִ󳵣װӣҾʲôġڶ
սʼ˵·̡
	ڲ³Ĵʹݣ¬ʹһ⽻٣ʮĩ
⽻ίԱϴ֮漣رȫͨ˵ʹݺ
ûκˣеĹԱƽ£ȫûκر⡣
	¬ӽҵƬȺͱдǡȻ鿴
ݡ
	³ʹҷǳȡǸйսһ
ʱָӽͨſȺƯеϻ̵
ɡ´ʯСŹʣƤŮʿʿݵ˵ŻƮ
ſȣѩѺˮķҷų̵ǸָƷ
˺ˮѳСɽǹ˵ĳֻżһСȺ¾٣Լ
ȫıʱ𣬹Ҵ춵¹ռ֮¡
	Ȼһжˡ¾ʼ˶ռ֯٣Ȼģ
ûڶô󡣵ڱռ³Ȼ

	ϣ¬ȥһҹܻᡣҲַǷһԶŮ
ŵ׹ĲԲ衣ȻᣬԲϳһزŮ
һ衣űݵħʦ赸չأֳֻ
ӦľƺѾơ˼֮⣬ûбĶɳԡһȺ¾ռ
İᣬлһ۾ĽǴʤߵİ۲ʧ
ǲ
	ҹ֮ᣬ糿ǳȥ¬ι۱־ʱ
ʷս۵ļܿȥսûдڸСŵ
ȫ˷桪ԫð̣ն۾ĵؿ
ƮŨŨѹڷڸʬζش¾ʿ
Χţֻǵ¹⽻һֽ֤ŰǷ˹ȥ
	սѾӽβ¾ָӲÿ칫սУռһ
һСŵߡʼҲûԤĲԽǵã
¾Ƶ
	صػص˰֡׷ʲô£һսԸ
Դʤ᳷ڿֻ֮ǰõսߵͻ
ǶԲġǿȶķԼĸ𡣱ʱͷһȺȺƣ
ڵԼŵĵ¾ٱ
ǺεȾ˵ķѵûֹܹŷ޴½ĺɾ
Ҫη
	ڹĵͺУֵ̨ȫ籨Ի͵ʤˡ
Ӱ¼Ƭ˿ţ¾¡صسɶ߹ϣĹǰơӢ
ԶΧڶؿƶˡӢʿҩԪ״ȵظ
ļ϶ӢϿͶˡһӰ¼ƬУϣ˸߲
ڸԪ˧ǸʷԵĳ㵸19181111գ˿
¹Ͷڣ1940621գϣյ¹ǿӼ̵Ͷ

	춾ԶӵıϣԽмġվ
ϯ̨ԶĵطʤϿԪ׳ʻʱ
Ⱥ˴ģķϣվϯ̨ϣʮּ
Ʒһöʮѫ£һȺԪ˧͵ĸ߼졣
	ϣվֱۣ˹ӭƣƺףһ߹
覵Ĳӡ϶ֲ
	 յˡ޸Ժ⽻ٰǴǰĸԺ
۹ʧ֮ϣġԱǡ￪ᡣǰˣ۲쵽
ˡǴƷġ½ȵȡ˼
١̨ϣרΪƵɫ۹Ԫ˧ǰѫºͽ
վһģǺ˹˹ϣķ带Լɴ߹١ϣ
ջû˾ȴš ͻȻ˱ͻ
ǰ·ϣճˡˣŹ̨ţ
˹ӭƣַھƤϡƺԴ£
ϣգ£Ԫףȿš
	һУһ顪ʵ˵ҲԼͷסˣ
ֻ˹ֳʱ龰!Ҳһģһ
תɾòϢĻҲȫҲͬģЪ˹ĺ
˹ֹ٣٣
	ϣյ̨֡Ȼվţš¹һС
һƬкϣյȴ˼֮һƣþ
롰ΰ¹Ԫ׺͵۹ϣտʼ
Ǵˡ
	˷ýʮӢӶؿƶ˳ˣϣΪӢ
͡óԼȫıݼܣԼһȡ˾޴ɾ
Ȼзִ磬ǫѷͣԸòˡûһЪ˹Ľкû
һӲĻֱǿʮ̵ּڿһǰ쵼Ӣ
𼪶ǣԪ׿ظͨӢָһĽս
ĳ·֤۹һ̣ϣׯصΪԼ
֪ٴκӢǡΪҿһ㣬ΪҲΪ
սʲôΪսʤߺǡҿκμսɡ
Ȼ׶صĻشȴǼᶨġ
	ϣʧ֮ǩָӿӢġʨж׼
ʼ˶ӢеҺըĴը١¡Ӣ⵽ƻ
Ӣ˵ĵֿҲǿĵ¹ɻ䡣־ϮӢ
ըͻƵ۹׶ķ
	ʼһҲ÷̶һһ¡Ӧ
ܿáǣ÷챻飬ˡҵ÷̾
ҲԸˣشҵʦ˸Աˡõ
·ʱûϳǰǸӪõСӣڳ˸
˥ͷӡҷǳԾ˵
	սܰ˱ӡʤս˷ܵǰ
Щ档ֻеһţѾɱ

	ˮȻʶδ̵˲Ķ
һʱҲû鵽ܿ죬ǧ˽µ
ܡ
	·ݣұٻصĪ˹ơұȥóίԱ׸ﱨ


3-5ó

	óίԱᵱʱλ춹űѩۺϼݵĶ档
Ҹ鴦˸绰绰˵ȥҲ˵
ίԱټǣޱߵξίԱ˹ֵսѡ
֮һ׸˹ŵά֪ҵأֻ
ķˮƽкɡҵ˽ʲôתۣ
	н׹ά棿һ˻Ƶҵ˼
ǰվһеȸӣ޿޵Ļɫϸװɫ£
ᡣܸоǸˣɣίԱڵ
	ǳ˵ϵ¥߽鴦ҽܸһ꣬ŷǳ
µŮʿίԱ˽顣
	ɣ˹ŵάϾͺã˵һָָ
ӡ
	ѾҪˣ㳡ƹյͨۺϼ¥ϻ
ĹˣҶһзζϸֻۡ͹
ӽҪЩСƷٺɡǵʱó׸
⡣ʫˣÿһĿĹʣſɷ˹
Ǿ䡰Ī˹ũ޷ֵꡱɱΪװӵġĪ˹
еĳзͷѵСɽ̨װӽͺӽ
ľͰľϣ㣬ȴ⡣ָңȣ㳦
ѾƸƷַࡣͨƷ֮⣬ľơǩһ
Ա΢ЦĶӾƣʿɡҸŶӣշսڼ
Բ֮⣬ڵĹӦԸˡ
	Ӱ칫ҳˣһ¡ʧᣬ
ʱһƤļУ˵
	ȥɡ
	һ֮ỹеڶ֮ᣬ߽һ䲻ģɫľ
װεİ칫칫֮СҳԾҲ֪ίԱȫ
϶Ļһ¥ԲδС
	׸ڸߴԱߵᡣͭľһֻſӥɫ
ֵ̨ƺһļסССġϸؿң࣬
Щ⡣Ҿãƺе㲻⡣ǷҪʼѵң
	ίԱͬ־ǰҸϽ˵
	׸΢΢һЦıС¶һŶ̷ƶ
ݣǣıʧˡ˵΢Ц˼
̸ʱصıӺΧƸı顣

	Ƶһ
	һƤϡ
	ʲôʱӵ¹ģеطס𣿡
	ҽ˵סڳȥ¹֮ǰסᡣ׸ﰴ塣Ů
ˡ
	߷Ѱ¶࣬ʲƷͬ־׼סȻᣬתң
˵ҸڵͰסá
	л˵סҲԵġ
	ܸʲά⡣һ˵ⷽ
Ҳûʲô˼̸һ̸¹Ǳߵսʤ֮ǲǳ׽
ˣ
	ҽ˰ıʱԼڵ۹ϣյĽ
Ҿѵ¹ģȺ͹˷ܵתͨСڿ²
豸Ĺ
	˵һȥٴȥ¹صƺв³
ǱߵΣ
	׸Ҽ̵Ļ㱨֮˵ұش¹
صոۡ	
	⡣ίԱһ䡣
	ǳһγĬ׸һոտʼ۾ϱ
ʮеġ׳̣򿪺ӵݸң
	ɫƬ棬һûжĽɫ졣ö⣬Լ˵
ίԱİ칫̫ˡҲܣڹ⿼ҡ
	ллսˡ˵һٻ
	ǳǣ׸һ䣬ȻӺóһ֦̣ˡ
ɢһ۵ķҷ
	׸̽Ŀ£Ҿò̫ڡγĬҪã
ûڳذɫ̻ҸϨˡȻö⡣
	춵óίԱô׸ʵ
¹Ҫ̸УҪе¹ĺ÷롣Ϊ
ʤΡ
	˵Ǿ޴ҽŬΡһش˵
ǣҵ˾ô˵Ϊڻںۡ
	֪ǻͷ򺣾ϽЭ飬ʱ
óίԱ˳˵һ䣬ǵԱ⡣룬
ڵĲӵݽ룬ᱻΪԤԱǿǰɡ糿
鴦ȥ¹顣ֺ˹зܸټ

	ӴǸŵӣڵίԱڵҡ
	߰ɡҸ׼ס һߡ
	ſڵŵһɫˡŹűѩ쳡򡣵
ʱϻ˫еԱҹգȻͣˡ󶼻ᡱ
ſڡҲûϵסݻķڶ¥
׵Ŀͷ绰ԡҺͿĲ̨Ҳ֪
סʱı걾̨
	ҲռôĵطûСһķ䣿ʡ
	ûʲôʵġͬ˷м䡣
ίԱǮûзֵ֮ǰͺúסɡ
	ܲܰԼĶڰؽ֣˹Ī˹㳡

	ȻҲлȥӹʹáίԱ鴦ֵ
¿Եá
	һоһ㣺ίԱ̸춵ݽ뵳Ľ飬
ͷԼҿʱõȻ׸Ѿйط
ҵԤԱһ¡ȻβҲ֪¡ǷԸ뵳ܹ
ʤ׸һҪϸߵĹȻ뵳ǵίԱ
֮һǣԼ¶ؼһܽΪ˽
ίԱ鴦ɣףѾõͬǣ
ɣҽݽ뵳벢ɡǣӦԭġǰû
Щ1934꣬ڿʮһλУû
£ұ롰š˸ǰй
ȻǵԱһ濴ԼĹ
ȷ·δ˹ѧͺϷĽӰˡô
һԱڸҰŵĸλŬڽҵ
Լ΢Ĺףʲôأʱ뵽ʮᣬһž
һԪ·άŦ˹Ѫ¼֮ᣬȴҪ˵ˣ
	˼ţڡ󶼻ᡱ̨ϣҹĪ˹ƵΧ
š¿СԺĹѹ˵й糵ߣ
ʻ롰󷹵ꡱļ賿ĵ㡣󷹵ꡱĲ
Զɫʽķûо  Щһʮأͬ
ʱҲǳϸ
	ڶ糿ίԱᡣҽܣǸǳ
Ͷòĺˣ쵼ίԱǡָҿ׸ǩ
óίԱյ¾ùϵ

3-6ó̸

	ڵ£Ҫһᡢڵ¹²
¡֪ʶ춺װĹչʦóίԱҪְ
ʵ̫׵顣ΪҪҵյ¾ùϵʷĹ㲩֪ʶҪ
Ϥַģ֪Լг͹ó׵ص
ȡһ£ίԱ鴦İ칫ʱЩһŲ
ֻ֪˵ĹŲſԽͣҺʵͬ׸Ľ顣
ΪоĻѡԼ֣ȻҪ
΢е¹ķ롣ҶǷҪġҪǣóί
Աһܵ˹ֵġϴͿաˡһ
ĹԱԣҪҲˡ
	ƽ˵׸ﻹǱȫһЩרҡҼǵúڻϼ
۹ĳ֮ᣬһµĻǳصԶλ
רҡֺͷ
	
	һ·ݺʮ·ݣ¹˽ŵó̸У¹
һºһ²׼óЭʹʲŬ֮⣬ʹ
Ҳμ̸СĽʵز򣬸ʿ⽻١
͡һӡ׸ͬгɫʿʣطǳ
¹ҪշĹǶԱǵսԭϷǳ
Ȥͬʱҷ豸·һֱӷѾˣʱϣ
տʼԵ½ӢԷ˻ɡ
	գ¹վӢʵʩϮ׶صĴ⵽
׶ļԼб˷档ЩԪף
½ᣬϣϮӢ¹ϽеµıҲҪá
ǵӢӢϿԼתϽʵʩֿ
Ĳϣ˾档ԪԤʮսе½ġվ
δʵʩ
	ʮգϣؼڷ׼ʱʹáδӢ
Ϯƻĵ½豸ʮ·ݣӢվش˸ֵĵ¹վ֮ᣬԪײ
òʨжƳٵ1941ĳָ˵ٴ½Ӣ
Ļʱµָʵζŷּƻ
	һļƻʲôϣ»صǸδ뿪Ժġ
𲼶ʲάˡ뷨ʮգڲӼ¾ʱϣ
Ӣȫϣ춶Զϣգôϣ
ҲգΪ֮ձڶǵľ潫ĹֻۡҪܣӢ
һϣ𡣵¹ŷ޺ͰͶɳưԡǣⳡͻ
뱻
	ЩĿ꣬¹ܲıʼڶ𲿶ӣǰ¶
ʮոϣյ߽Ͷһʦ̹ʦ³
ԹŲΪڣ¾˷¾ʼ߾߼С
	һҪϸǣһʮգϣҪṩһ
һ괺족嵥ǽĴʱ䡣ԼʲŬмҪ
¹Ĺʱ֪Ԫ׵񡣶·
ӳ٣ֹͣҲйءʱ׸ڶ̶˽ϣյͼ
Һ½ۡΣΪξίԱܹפ¹鱨
ı棬֪Ϣʮͨô׸Ǽ
Լҷκһ΢СòҪԷӦʱ򣬵
óίԱһ֮ᣬʹױһֱҵ˹֣˹
Ҳȵ·Ըֻ̬Сӡ˿Ծһ
ͬʱҲϣһźţ˹ǿסġ
	£ҷ׸ɫǣڸ¹һ
Э顱ϣȼ
	ʮµףشʹҪ뿪Ī˹ˡȻδȫɰֽ
񣬵Ȼɸе㡣ƺ˹Ҳ˶Ե¹ӳٷĽͣԼ
Ӣ׼֮ᣬĲֽõݡӡ
ĳŵԼ񣬲Ŵķʽо¹׷ӵҪԣ
룬һǿƻˡеֻŵ
˹ֵĻǷɣ׸δص롰ӡ硣
	ڵ¹֮ǰ׸⽻ίԱ˹򿨽ֵд
¥ٰ˸дᡣغʲŬ˶߰ЩϷʡ
	
	գ˹һѶ˵óίԱ׸Ϊشʹе
磬޾Ѻõнеġ
	ϲίԱ鴦ĹѧõĶЩ
ĵطֺͱҸоĵ¹ڶ˹зܻҡ
Ҹɵò

3-8ҹķֹ

	ʮһ·ݵĽչ᲻õһҹʱһ㶼糿
׸ȥİ칫ҡΪˡǣҪԵģһ
֮Ϣ
	ϵίԱάϯ鴦ҵ¥¡
̨ð֤ͨʱ䡣ᱻ͵ίԱά¥ǰ
ڵϾߣӲ˵
	Ҿƺʲô鲻⣬ƺԸشߡȻˣ֪
֪Ҳһˡ
	˰칫ңܽԼķ䣬ñչȻ¥˾Ѿ֪
ˣԲ˵ѾŹűѩַɳ۶ȥһ˵ĺ
ֱӿ˹˹šίԱά¥ſڵֵԱѾõ֪ͨ
Բݲݿ˿ҵ֤˵һ䣺¥ҹգ¥ߵסܿ죬һ
ǰֽίԱάϯӴҡ
	һˣְλʱǷֵģ
ȨţҲи壬սʱڵӢ壬ԼֱӲ
Ľ衣ҪǣίԱάְλ
ԣڵһְĪз򣬾ֱӼ̳ˡ
	Īз⽻ίԱϯзӴҡ
£Ȼͨڷʧˡ˴Լӣ˵

	Īзͬ־ڵ
	ͻͻŴšĪз򲢲
Ǿķ䣬ʹ΢ɳһ½ŵ񾭡һʱѾô
ˡȻǽһͼŵӣҲûˡ
һͷһŰ뿪ţҳ˹ȥ칫ңҿд̨
ڵͷļĪзǻϷǳϤģ˶ġոʽĶͷ
б۾ôһСӡ֪ΪʲôҾѧߣ߾Ӧ
ӡֻѧ֮һѧ̩֪˹
ּҳϡ᲻ɴݵսѲʱ˵İΧ֮УӴĹ
ҡʱǶţ˼ָ£ߵȷ· ʱ
ǾǿĴЩŲɡԣڱĪзټǰ
ãұΪչԤԱʱûģΪ˹ֵ
һԱϵԸΪ蹲ȷԱ
	Īз̧ͷз۾˿ңȻӲ
ϡ
	ϸѯʣĶһĸѧУҵĶѧ
Ե¹ӡεȵȡȻͻȻʵ
	ʲôĶ˵ǹ˵зѧ
ٶһֶβһֶΣһʽ滻һʽʹԼ
ӦǵĽ׼ǵŬκα䶯
	³ͻȻһʼŻʧ룬οףشǷȷ
ҵˡĪз򿼾ƵؿңԺ￪ʼһʱ
ľҡ¼ʮϤҸǰûˣ
	˶еġɡɲ
	ȷĪзص˵ͷ
	ˡҪĪзѡһϤģҿ϶ˡΪ
ʲôѡһΣҲǰ¹ϵеĴתйɣ
λպܹ֤ǿӸҹĲתȷġ˵˶
ѡ
	Īзҡе⣬վҽΪν

	׸˵Ϊܺõ˷Ĺ죬
ҹžҪȥ¹Ҫ̸Сڵ¹
¹˴򽻵ľ顣ͬ𣿡
	벻õģվȻ˵
	Ϊ񡭡
	Īзվ֣΢΢һЦ
	ˡ
	ҸĪз򣬵ʱ˹֮Ĺҵڶĵһμ

	ڶ糿õ⽻գϱŵר
Ī˹ư׶˹վǰ¹
	ڵ۹칫̸У·μӵԱϣգ带Լ
롪ʩغշԱΪĪз򣬽ܿŵͬҲ
͸ͱߡһ̸Уڸϣյڶ̸֮ᣬڵ۹
칫дᡣĪз˰͸򣬶ίݸĪ˹Ƶĵġ
ʱû¼̸ʱûټԱԷڻ̸ڼԼı
Ǳ¼
	ȴӽЩ¼ʼĪзڵİ칫
ʱסڵ¹ӴıάϷҺܳʱ䣬Ȼ
ίԱ鴦ĴԱ  鴦ĲԱҲ֡Ů
ԱոհһֽŽֻͻȻ򿪣Īзˡһۣͻ
Ȼˣ
	ô£һҲѾ˼ҳ
ʱڳԵر
	ȻûŪԭҸϿش˵
	տʼ
	ͣίԱȻ߽ңһҲûд
ֽ˿ԱһֽȻ΢ƽ˵ˡ뿴жٶ
Ǹϣյ̸Щʲô
	ǽڣ컨壬ȻὫĿͣڲŷҷõйƿϡ
ȫˡκһط˷磬ͨӢ
ߵ¹ǶǶ֪ϣոĪз̸Щʲôҵı
ð亹
	ٴˡˣܽӦԼע⡣Īз
Żʧ֮ᣬƽ¹˵
	ļ¼ߡ
	ʱһֱŵĴԱһܳȥˣң
һСԱߡ
	ģȻһתü¼к˶ԡʲô
ֱдֽƬϻ߸дֽǹʱܳˣ
	ˣά˹׹ά棬ԭ¡
	˷ʱˡ
	˽Īзǰ֪飬ҸеΪʲô
û׷£Ϊڵʱձ黳ɵ£Ʋ⣬ҹø
İ취ʲô˴鱨ȻΪȱ顣
	س̵·ϣĪзԼİᡣܿŵһ
	һ£Īз˵Ȼμ¹쵼
˵Ҫ̸УûٻصóίԱȥˡ춵⽻ίԱ
ô
	˵Ǿ޴ûܹרŽʤ𣿡
	ⲢҪǴҶøɸ顣صĪ˹Ҹ׸̸һ̸
룬ᷴԵġ¹˻Ҫ顣Ҳ˹ͬ־ҲҪ
롣ҵҵ鴦¹
	ҵ⽻ľʼˡ
	Ǹʱڡһ-һ䡪⽻ίԱˡ
Īзһ⽻٣սᶼƩ׿ƣз³
лάŵ˹׶ŵȵȣƳĿƽ
δ⽻ǰ̡Ƕίǲһż
ȻĻᵽ⽻ίԱģԣʱĪǵΪ
ġС׿ԼĻ¼ʣǸʦԻᵽ⽻
ίԱܵĽ˵ʱйعĿؼ춣
ʮĩ⽻ίԱϴȣһҲѷɫĪ
зֿƷ򣬱ǺͽܿŵɵرίԱа˹ֽ
ѡ׼˳é®⽻٣׿ڣȻڻ
¼нĪзֿƷ
	һ꣬ת⽻ίԱʱ֡άŵ
򹲹µ⽻ָЩռǰñѹġʽ⽻
ڵλӡرίԱԱĪзͽܿŵܵ
ίԱġȻֿƷԴûرġǼסˡѵ
Ϊϲų˸йص⣿
	Īз鴦ʱ䲢ʮµףұΪפ
ʹһ飬ҽ˱һĪ˹ƣ⽻ίԱ鴦Ļع

	սʼ֮ᣬ»ص⽻ίԱᣬһʱ䣬ұ
ΪĪзϵһҵӢóʱ˹
ȥ룬ĪзԤƵ¹˵̸УǸ
Ӣ˻̸