йҪʲô?

ȨƽĹϵ˶ϵĽ 


֣ 


	йڷרƺѹȵĶ磺
ƽŽġ̩ƽġȹ
ƶԪĩĿںšɱƽ̫ƽĩԳġ
ĩŵġ󡱣ɽġ塱˶ġ
ѧԼ֪ʶġɡȨȵȡЩ
纽ָ꣬ͬаȥ׷Ҹ
	ͬǵı˰Ҳ᲻ͬ˵ʲô󣬾
ʲô̬ν֡йŴߵʽǽ׷
һƽȺ壬ЩΪλȨΪģ
ŴĿڱʼûаȨתƵС
	ڽ˶Ĵ죬ҵǣΣ
Ӿ磬ʹ岻ԾسΪһҪ壬Ϊ֮ϵ
ѧΪһԹߡȨλ
壬ζĻֻ塣
	1949л񹲺͹ѲΪ⣬ܶ˶
𺽱ϣʵ֤ʤǸйµ
Ҫƽȣõƽ壻Ҫɣõʮ궯ңҪӭȴ
߳89ѪȷеĻǹ̹˺
	ڵйж˼֪ʶҪɡȨ
Ŀںţҿй˷רƶʷϵƪ£ҪȨΪй
ɡϧǣйϰ춹˴ʧˣΪ
Ȩ֮ϵķκйŴα߾ٵƽȴֱˣ䱻
ҲΪ󡣼֮йʮūͳΣʹй˷ƽ
޷õۣ޷õţ޷õά,
ȨĵҲ޷õԡӵĲȱҲȻ
иں֧顢Լ봫ͳƯ
İкС
	ˣΪй˶Ҫӵ͹߳عϵ
Ӧͷһȴ¡Ǹ٣Դ˳ֲԺ͹滮δǺġ
ȻѧǱͬѧֿģʵҲѧڳ
еʵתƶȴʱڵʵǲͬģڳ
веϰߡ硢˼άʽвͬĻʷ
ͳĹҵ˶ʵȻҲʱˡˣѰѧ
ʵĽϵ㣬һԺʵ,ͷǳؼ
	ҪȨͬʱҲҪƽ塣й׷
Ȩʱͣڡŵ䡱Ľ׶ΣǴʱĹŵѧ
ġɡȨΪ㣬ʵȽҵķ
չѾʱ໥ĥϡ໥Ľ׶Σߵһµ
㣬ԲϵƽȵìܣȨìܣ
ìܵΪġϽѾ21͵й˶ҲӦվ
ӵ㣬ȫµ̬Խ̬й˶йδ
ʵУӦӾɵϵ֮Ĺϵ
ṹԴ˽йδ
	ʵôҲǲܵģ磬Ȩε׷
ѳΪɿܵĳҪȨεˣר޴أ
ר߶άĿǳ֣άΪƻǣ
ר߻ȨεȨα,Ȩ
÷ɣȨ壬ȵȣ
ࡣ
	й½ôһΪĹ̶䣺귨ɵ
ӡʵϣȨĿǺֻࣿҪһȱڱƣ
þͿΪ֮㸲ޡޡ޺ܶࡰ͹
ʵԼŷ޵˶ʷ֤һʱգ
ϴŵĹʵȨεԲռ
	ѧпάڰīбȽϵʱ򣬰
ͬƶʷͳƵĹҵĽȻͬʵΪ
Ĳͬ룬Ľ۶ЩȻɴͳĻ״
Ĺκΰпάûṩһ־нԵ
	Щùҵ֮һûжϸ޶
ǿǶĲ׾ٵءط䡣
սǰһϵżȻ,ûз⽨ࣻԶŷǿڽδݲУ
ûƶࣻķƴͳȣʹ˳Ϊߣ¬еȴ
ûʹޡޡ޵ȹҵ˶ˡ¬ڡ
ԼۡĿƪȻȨ۵ּǵ빦֮
ͻͬʱָɡȨʱȨ
ԭ޶ȣû˵ƺĿľһСʷнϵ
塢ʧܺͱֲѴ¬ҵ˼ĸԴ
	ִʷɡȨƽȡκʧܣ
άΪԭ򣺲ǰһֵּʥ
ֵߣֵ򱻶ûнüֵ֮ͻ⣬
ΡƽȡȨ塢ɵȼֵǳΪ츣Ķ
ΪרƵĽںʵʩרƵ㡣
	״ڼ磬йǳԾȨڸ
̨ܾȨġ˵19891013գй
פϹԭϹίԱᷢԣйδ⵽κα
ԣȫˡйɫԾۣ˵
ԾȨֳȡŶҪ壬ͬʱѻö
Ĺ˵ҲҪġζȡά͹
ȨǸӦеȨһζŸȨѡΡú
ƶȡκͼԼҵƶȺͼֵǿ춱
ͬΥϹ¡ּģҲԾġ
йӹڵĲڸǹҵ־Ĳһ£ǸȨ
ϵնʹ߼ϣ̨սҲԾ˹
ӹ¹¹ԾԭˡȨĶͻ
˻߼
	ٱ磬й20002·һйԭ̨⡷Ƥ飬Ϊ
̨ʾƤдȨָȨһҵȫ
ָĳһֻĳһ񡣶̨Ȩ춰̨ͬ
ڵȫй񣬶̨һˡйĽǣԹͶƱ
ʽı̨йһֵĵλϣͳһǾ˵Ը
ѸȨԭ񶨣ֻʾȨ
ϱġǵ߼ȫ񹫾ҲҪӡμͶƱ
ϣͻῴй۵Ļԡ
	һûһûƽȵȨһûз
ɡȨΡƽȡĹϵӦƻڳһСƻ
ļƴգǼȶֻϵȻԼֻΪǰᣬӦýһ
ĽṹȫģϵĩҪ֮䲻
ԿԼɱԼ˼ڡ·одһ桮
Ƶĳɡ1793ܷһΪȨ͸ɵ
֤һȫȡޣΪһΣɣӦ
ȡޡйڶԿҪʱȨԿȨ
ѹ壬ԾȨԿȨϷڸǵƭֵġ	
ɡȨΡƽȡĹϵӦһѼңÿ
ȱ١һ಻ģֻ໥ϣ棬


һ۹ͬȨƽ֮Эͳһ

	ϸؽӦΪ͹ġԭ
(rule of majority)ǹ񵱼һƶȣӦ
ɡȨΡƽȡҪءʵУй˶
ǲֵģٶĽ޵ʶģġ
ֻҪ˴ΪǺõģӵġԭҲ
ңй˶ԡԭ򡱵Ľ͡ӶҲһ㡣
ӶΪġˡγɾġ
ˡԭʵҪص˶ӻƱֵ֧ľ
ǰȡߣҲͳˡɡ͡ƽȡġαʵ
ǶԡӶȷģԭҲܱһ
ԶҪرҪӹһ˾Ȩ
ƺ,ЩҪͬʱҲҪͬɡƽȡΡȨԭϡ
ԭȴʵĲ

һûɵ

	ûɵԸʽġ⡱Ǹǽںʹ̵µ
ͶƱɵͶƱͶƱûɵġⲿ
ǵ1990ڱμһ˴ѡ٣иѡĻ
˼ӡ˵ƱͶĺѡˡΪҪôͶƱԭ
ܼ򵥣Ǳе֯ȥͶƱԺѡ˵¼
šһ֪
	89Ȼּ˵ѡٵһԭ򣬵й
ѡѡû᰸()ɣѯɣѡûоѡɣ
ձεԭйġѡ١ѡ񡰱ա۾ͶƱѡʵ
ѡԲԿ䣺йᣬȫ
Ȩ[ע1йȨ״Ƥ飬6ҳ]ΪǿȨ
ô˭ῴûɵġǶѡĳŪͶ
¡˵ûɣǲܳġ

ûȨ

	ûȨҲǲûȨǶ˵ı
ȨȨʹԼ27涨Щֵġڽ̵Ļ
Ե˵ĹУóͬǵļеԱͬ
ĻʵԼڽ̻ʹԼԵȨɴ˿ɼû
Ȩǲ
	ȨвͬĹԣ͹־Ĳ棬Ȩ
춸档øȨǸ崥ɣⲻøԤ
˵˽л񹲺͹֮ȡ֮ĳɷǺܶģ
֧ʺܸߣһ棬ĸȨȴһرᣬ٣
ԲƲĳ乫Ʋ춹ң춸ˣô
μֵûȨؽ뼫˲ʧȥĻ

ûзε

	ûзεǿʳѧпάΪ
ûзΣķƴͳǲġǻ
˶ԷأܵԹ̡ͬȣйƺ
ƶġлʱԼֻ߱ʱЧҲ˵ʵ
ϵ޷ûнȨ֮ǰͲݲݽˣ
ԬȨᱻִ͡ƶ˶ಿܷÿ
˶ʧܣԴܷȱҵԭɴ˲ѿζ춽
ʵҪԡ

ģûƽȵ

	׸ԣһȨͶƱһȨͶƱǲģ
ʷкܶζΪȡѡȨġߣһȨͶƱ
ԴԴԷƱԼһƱʮƱѡƱ
ȻҲǲġһʱ˵ͬʱԼ
ȷ˵ǰһ˵ʵᳫһֲƽ
Υġ

壩û

	ʱҲͻҲ᷸ǳ˵
СΪԭܶ࣬Щǻ˽Ե
ʱƭ,ȺżҲͷԲʱҪ
ΣɣƽԭԼҪȨΪĲɶҡĸҪ
Ϊƶȵ֧кܶѰǺõģʵ
õģƽǺõģȨǾеԵģȵȡЩеΪȨ
еܷɵʽڣûܷͷʱʽڡ
ǺʽӦַأЧЭ
	ͣһҶԱʱ춱
ܵڵձӵɴ¹Ǻ
	ڽİµɵͨ¶ɵ
μ̤Ȩ¼ġŷҪԤΪɵΣյ
ֻ򹹳ɶȨвŷ˱ص׼򣬲춶
ԻĳɳͶӡ
		Ϲ56ȨϣЩ˽Ĺҡ
йġ顱Ͷ޳Ʊ֪ͶƱʲôʵϣҲӦ
س壬ƶȵӦԵĳΪǰᡣӦ뷨
޸ķͻĳڱӦʵ
һԡϹ56Ȩ϶йͶƱУмչй
ȨԼе׼أⲻܲ˵Ϲкܶ಻
֮
	ѿͬȨƽЭ
ͳһġ

ͬȨƽ֮Эͳһ

	ɣжֽͣͬ壬ɵںӻкܴĲͬ
編ȨԡɶΪɣָȨһ޺˵
Ϊˣ˵ȻȨʹֻԱ֤ԱͬȨΪ
ޡ˵ƽɷɹ涨֮
	й˼ɵ˨Ϊߣū֮ԴҲ
ŷɷʷ߲ĶˣһԻ֮ɣԻڽ֮
Ի֮ɣԻ֮ɡ֮ߣ
Ҳڽϵߣͽ춽̻Ҳ֮ߣ
Ҳ֮ߣʱ໥Ҳ
ΪҪɣҪ֮ū֮ū
֮ū֮ūɼΪɲ
棬Ĳ棬ҪĽšɹۿνһ֡
Խ͡ڳԽĽϣ˵ͳɹһڳԽô
սʤҲܻɵĹ۵һ֡ڵĳԽˣںҪȷ
Ȩԡɵںḻöࡣͳɹۿɣ
ڳԽڳԽϵɹۿɣôԴ˳ͬȨ
ƽȡȽϣͻֹᷢͬȨĲԱˣ
ͬ塢ƽӽˡʵϣǹɻɣʵֵҪ
ʵжǱԵĴڣϰҲǰ(ϵ
)ͬɲᣬǻͬҪ¬˵
ɵģȴڼ֮С¬˵һ־ľʵ
֣ǳԽ˹ɵӵģϸؽһαɡڱʵ
ַʽάȵ⣬Ͳܲ漰Ķǹģͬ
ȨΡƽȡȵĹϵ⡣

һû

	ûɽ޵ģʧȥУĩ
״̬һɢɳ,֮䷢սֱγµ
רơǸɵģҲɵġкܶ׶˵Ķǡ
Ƕɵı׶˵ĳָеԵĶƣӸϽһУû
ɽǲȶġʱɣָľ־ɡ
УҪƶȣܵõɣ෴ЩΪɵ
е˶ʵеڣΪΪû
˶ɺ˳ɺĹϵвͬ
ġ

ûȨ

	ɴ˼Ȩ֮һȨеȨ
ɡɡɡɡƲɴȨȺһ
ʽȨݣĳϽȨǼݵġûȨ
ǿնɣġ

ûзε

	ÿ˶˵ʣ˵ԣɾ
䷢չ޷άֺʹڣʹ˶ʧȥɡ
ϵ˹˵ɽǣһܹӦ飬ȥӦ
.....һȨһܹ
ֹ飬ͲˣΪͬȨɼûз
޷ɡ¾͸Ϊνɣһ˵˵
һֺ˼ʵҲȷ̵˺Ͳ̵ͬ
һڻ𳵳޷ͬɡҪɣĴǱز
ġ

ģûƽȵ

	̩о˿ڵĻҲͬĹ۵㣬˵
Ȩ˵ҪƽϵƽȺͲһֵܡֻݹ
Ż𣬲յƣֻ꣬ʵ⼸һר

	йѹֹ¼УһԷֹ
ֹûһ㷢ԵءУ֮ƽ
гı,ڵйڷչԱɷ棬͡
ɡȻǲƽȵģûƽȵɣһɣһ
ڱɡûƽȵɣٵġ

壩û

	ӹɣûġɡǿߺͶ˵־ʵ֣α
£ɣָ涨ķΪ׼
ûй涨һ飬ɰԼ־ȥȻ״̬£ָ
ȻΪΪ׼⣬κԼûΪΥ˳ķ
ҲûУضΥȻģҲǲӦġ̨""
֮ǻںڽۣڵŽⶼУ̨
УɻˣԳΪĻǸɺ
ϵΪˮĵѡ̨α˵ɵʤ̨
˵ʤɲһֻߵķݣҪǣ

	ѿɵʵֱͬȨƽ
ʵͳһ
ձȨͬƽ֮Эͳһ

	Ȩ˼壬ȺȨ(rights)гֵȨά
ʵȨ,ǳΪ֮ܶĳĿꡣȨԡָһ
ɺɲ춿־ѷ٣ѱΪձ
Ը;ȨȨʹԼдͥгԱ
ϼƽȵĺͲƵȨĳϣɡƽĻ
άȨѳΪһ־Եļֵ	һ棬ͬƽ
ȣȨѳΪһļֵȨ塢ɺƽȹ
ͳһ;һ棬ȨʵҲ벻ƽȡεıϺʵ֣Ȩͬ
ƽȷܲɷ֡

һûɵȨ

	ûɵȨȨû塣˵治
ĩûɵġȨ̥Ҳǿҵ֤ġȨȴ
ʹȨȴ˵ȴ
	л񹲺͹ܷʮ涨л񹲺͹ۡ
桢ᡢ硢СʾɡЩ綨йȨݣܷ
һֹ涨л񹲺͹ǹ˽׼쵼ģԹũΪ
רҡƶл񹲺͹ĸƶȡֹκ֯
ƻƶȡһ޶йɵӡе
ɻٶǴڵģרƵᣬͬɵ쵽
⡣ıʣµ³ѷɺͷе׶ؾ
ǲͬնġйƣй50رǸĸ￪
йʼհѽȨͷչȨλԾ
ΪģչʹúᷢչͻͽۺϹ
ǿˮƽߣʵ˴ƶ±ʹ±СʷԿ
ԽָչȨȣխ³ѷʽȨ³ѷ˺ū
塱ԺܶĽά֡塱ūλٶ࣬塱
Ҫ򡣸蹫Ӧеɡɡɡڽɵ
ɣָչȨĹȣӹ׶ؾʽȨȨӦ
ߡ
ûȨ

	ԣԭ򡱿ԱȨҲܼ̤Ȩ
ԭ򡱵Ķ棬ض޷Ȩ
	͹ԣĽʵȨ֮衣ȨƺƵĽ
ʹ̤ȨͷĿԽ͵Сĳ̶ȣĸȨ
ʵȨĻ棬ʹҲִĿܣӹһ˾
ΪȨάɨϰһĹңǿרƣ
ǷιңձȨʵֶǼ޵ġ

ûзεȨ

	ȨʵʩͱϣҪͨȷϺ֡Լ͹֯
άʹٽȨҪҲͨĹܹ᳹ʵʩ
	ûзûȨ͵ĪûиԼĹʷ֮ǰĹ֮
ս״̬ϹĽϹµƶǻսĳʹ
ѵһ֮ڣûиЧ꾡걸ȨҲսǰ
ĹԼһֻõһŷֽҪȨ걸
ȨΪǺʵȨıر

ģûƽȵȨ

	˹Ȼ״̬֮Ĺϵǵս
ˣĩһȨ֮õʵʩҲζһȨʧȥʵʱǡ
һ߿޵ɣԿơࡱ壬
ȴֻоķݶ
	쿴ӿþΪ֮ȻҪ
˺ͳ·ĩ˺ͳ˳нȨҪͨ
·ʱ̵ƷУĩ˺ͳͨ·ڵȨ
Ҳ˵˻޶˵УšӸ
ûƽȣҲȨ
	ƽԭĽ룬ȨųΪһֺƽȣ
ʹ˫˫Ӯ,ӶʹȨձʵֳΪܡ֮ƽȺȨ
ɷָġ

壩ûȨ

	ȨһֹԣΪĴڣűһֵͬ
ļңϺͨڹлüΪ⼸
ӵвƲȨɿ˽ְȨ̰ͬļ
ңͲӦΪɿ˽ܶЩǮӵκȨΪ˾ضԸûҵ
ûǲΪûбԭ
ʹȻ
	ǰһĴʡһϳһصĳ¼˺ܶˣ
һȵĴᱻ¾ľǵ͵ʹ塱
ӡؿȨ˿˵ǸȵĴԼļ
ʻȨͣϢȨǺģȨı
ҪԸôͷΪΪΪΥȻȻ
ǣߣȥԮȥԮҪܳͷ
	ͳһͶҲӦأԾȨһУͳһһ
У塣̨ԣ̨屣״й̨ôй
Ƿģڴ½ʵᣬͳҲҪȨƽȵĻ
ϣȨԭԭǣҪѰݣƽȣ
˫ҪΪԷ̨ϾһԴ̨ʹ½žԶ
ǧ˿Ƶϵ½Ҫ˽̨壬̨ҲҪʹ½˳ֹ̨ͨ
Ӵ½˵У½Ҳ̨Գֵء̨ʹ½˫
ʹԼ⣬̸У̨ͳһĳԣȻͳһ
йʵ޷ͳһٿǶһ;ΪȷȨֹ
ƽĸҲкôġ
	֮ձȨʵֱͬƽЭͳһ


ģķͬȨƽ֮Эͳһ

	Ρ֣һǡͳΡrule by lawȨȨ
ϣһΪͳΡrule of lawɣܷϡйҵ
ΡǰߣҵġΡ򡰵Ρʵҵġ
ΡҵġΡйͳΡһ档ϸϲ
ġΡս֮һعзҵ˼룬ιѸ
ǿͳһйֵζǣὨйһ⽨س
ֻ˲15꼴ũĳ渲ͬɡȨƽ
ѵġԷιƺһ˫нһȶһȻǱ
аִϵġΡͳΡrule of lawԴ춹ϣ
˹ڡѧһΣָӦ
壬֮ձӣ֮ӦΪ˼ֽһ
ǰƽȡԭʹγΪִĻʯ
	ķβӦȨƽͻΣһ޴
ʵ֤巨ѧΪ෨ȻʵҵĻ
ǡ˹ͺ˵⣬κȻǰһͬʣ񷨵
߻򳫵߶޷ѷ֮ħֵĳΡһЩѡԷιΪ
ߺѰε˶Ӧʾġ

һûɵķ

	Ϊ淶ΪĹϵΪΪͽ
ĳֿܣӦɡ
	ͬʵķɣֲͬĿϵз
ɳΪɴںʵֵǡǡ෴һɷչʷ
뷨ɵĳͻʷΪɾͲֹһȨ
Ӷϸ¾ܻɣصǺַɣɾб̤
Σա
	˵һĪΪе½ʦԭ͵
֮ͼĳߵʾʿµĹ塪ǵ
ѧһѧȪۡͬΪԴλϵĽܳ˼
ǧỹڼߡһͥĲУԲͲ
֮ﱻ˴˾ŪˮԴĩΪ֮
аĪ춶ɺ˼ɵǯˡ	йĴʼ֮
һ¶뷨ĸӵĹϵΪѹ
񡮷ɡ˵ֻӦΪӦ
ۣΪҪԽзľɣܹı
ˣȱ㡣ҪܷɵƣǱ㲻ˡǲ
ɣûСΥɵɡǱֻܱڵڵķɣ
ܹڸõڸõķɡ
	¶ĻóܲԽй
״ȴνʱס
	ȨȨʹԼʮڶ涨ɷ
Ȩ䣺ڶ涨Ȩʹ
Σ˵ĳЩƣЩֻӦɷɹ涨Ϊ
裺
	ף˵Ȩ
	ңϹҰȫ򹫹򣬻򹫹¡
	ֵעǣȨԼԼûиΣҰȫ
塣1997314գл񹲺͹ڰʮϯй䲼̷
ﱻȡ֮ΣҰȫ̷еġΣȫ
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	ҲӦΪƽʵ֡йŴʱ̲֮ϴ[ע
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רʷеȼɭϵĲƽԭڷƷʹķƷ
ҡܷгɡȨľ񡪡ƽԭûڷ
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̡̣֮˵һԼ˲̵
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̰ȶࡣʷ˹̡֮⣬
ɽ֮ɽߣɱ֮Ҳȡ֮⡱ִзʽΪ֫
ض㣬ӽС߰׹ǣ֮
̶䣬ʹ֮δϢĿֲЧйʷһѪ߰
ļ̤Ȩʷ̸Ȩ׷ιʵһ˵ķΡ硱


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ܷӦᴩ񡣷򣬡Ծʵۡں
նܷΪרƷ޷츣һϷ
ҲһϷ򣬶Ȩƺԭϵ͹ᴩͷεŦȨ
ǴӶרƵʵֵġϡķΣrule of law
Σrule of peopleìܣʵгͻȨ
ƾìγȨƺ⣬תͻʹ֮˾ԡϡ
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