  ˼ĺ

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  һ

      ǰӢ𼪶춶ս֮ǰһ˵У̵˼Ȩ
Ļļƶȣ

      ǿЩżרߣ ʿĴ̵;Ĺӵ
šǣȴһֲ˵Ķ˵ĶǾ
־塣Ǻ»˼룡⽲Ļ˼룬ΪǱ
ֹĶԵøΪʹǿ־ĶһֻСӡһС
һֻ˼ĺǿȨҲᱻ׽һƬֻ֮С


      𼪶λܳķ˹սͳ˧ѧɾͶ1953
ŵѧ  ˼ĺӡһصıʹϣеİ
ӵ֮һ: ഺ֮ Ե֮Ԥ
֮ҽ֮ǻ֮ͬʱҲڰУһ
ͭǼ̳ϣ ̳»мֻÿɰİ 𼪶ѧţ ҲϤ
е壬 Ϊ棬߶˷רƵ˼
ߡ

      Ȩ˼ĽڶʮһһǿƵս
ŵѧԡ˼ĺӡĽҴȨıһм
ǳڷܶĽЩУǲӦŵеһȺܵ
𡢼вġ˼ĺӡӦЩ
ɱɾڡٵĽ顣

      Щ˼ĺӡսķУڵ¹
ͷ˹¸ҵʶ̬ĽǻԾڱ¹ɴռķ
ݿˡ˹򣬳ûڱ˹ռİǺϣ
ԡѪ˹ֵļȨʱ¶֮ᣬм˳Ϊ
ߡ񽱵ŵңڶߵļƶȵļз緢˼
ǡ

  

      1933Ȩɴ⣬ִյķչǰĶˡΪ˹᳹
ԭ򡱣ν־Ļ£һСǵ־Ļܵ
ͼ鱻֮һ棬1929񽱵˹С˵ǲһ
ҡ˹ħɽ ѧҲһҹ֮仯Ϊҽɴⶫ
֮ᣬ 鲼пļӪһ¹֪ʶӱŷ޲̤
֮·˹̫Ůʫ˹  ( 
1966ŵ ) 䡭 ˹κ깲͹ʱڣԤ˲
Ҿ˹1933꣬ĽڴѧݽǴ˹
⵽ɴ˵ΧɴⱩУǿҵĵߣ¸ҵֱ
ϣյĸߡ±ûղ1937꣬˼¹ʷ
ĸԴʱ֣¹ֻһ뷨ΪҪһ
ĲεǿܵġλЦκʱƶȵң
ϣյļȨдγѣʶֻβ
ʽˣгһֻϵġ˼ĺӡ

      һλҺն(1946)һսᣬǴ
־ɳ壬ҷԷġ⡱ˮӿڷ
˹ʱϵַ꣬ɴĺƽ˼룬
ˣƷɴɢʧսС

      Ƿ˹Ĺ磬 1906񽱵ʫ˿룬
̡ רͳߣȻɣΪʲô߾磬
˼أ
        
      ˹֮īʱλΪŵѡ˵
ѧң˼ұɫ 1925귢𲢲˷˹ԣʫ
 ( 1975 ) Ȳ֪ʶӶǩ

      ̩ܾμӷ˹⵽һȵķ˹ӵĶ򣬲
ұְʮʿμ˵ֿ˶Ϊʫˣ
̩˼ɣʫϣյĴ졷Уǰī
ϣգڹֵĸߺмʻġʹߡ

      1936꣬ ڷ˹ĹУսڳս
ŷص־ʿ֪ʶͬ˷˹ߡ
Ƽڷڻо˷˹Ҵᡣսʸ
ļȨͳκϸļƶ£ʮսȻǽ
˼ԵѧƷҡʫ˱ɱ
С
         
      ŵУս֮ǰϷұ ( 1922 )¶
ײϷ⵽սڼ˱ʫϣ˹(1956
)սᣬֹ֧ɣδ顣ʫ˰ɣ(19
77)ƷҲսӽβʱסլ˹Ϊƽء

       ( 1989 ) ǷʸȨߣС˵䳲
ҷʸͳµ׶ˣڰ͢ᱻֲʮֱ꣬
 1963Ž

      ڵֿɴ֪ʶȺУ˼缫Ӱ
ĵһӬ춽ϣӰɴռ취Ȩ
ڵ¹⵽

      ʫʥ˹ ( 1960 )ͬʱҲǷһ⽻١
ʱ˹İ𣬷¹Эٷ⽻
ְ񣬶ҰķûȫƲͬʱѧƷ
˹

      1939¾ٶʱ⵽սʿʫ˵ǿֿʫ
ʲ ( 1980 ) ݵĻɳμ˷˹µֿ˶飬
ʫ˵һʫдģǡ顷ͬʱҲƼġ
Ļ˼顣

  

      ĻһʣԭҲ𼪶ķһͼҲ
ԶԶ͡һ߽Ļξͬˡȡ
ݵĽɫ Ϊߵ˹ּΣͬҪ˸񲪵Ĵ̵͹
ĴӵҪĻԵķΡ

      ǰӰ²ʮʲΪٷǿԵġ
ʵ塱⡣ڲ˿ ( 1996 )
αȽʫˣƷҲΪءֹ⵽
С

      ˿һݿʫ ( 1984 )Ҳکʮ¸
γѣܾ˹壬ǩԷԽݹļƶȡ1953˹
ġⶳڣ شΪɺǴҵȺͱ
ںʽѧ˵һҳĬѡ

      ǰܾѵ飬˹ݶɿ˵ġ߸ҽ
ٵġȺ

     ߸ҽģ߱˴ʮ¸˹
ļȨͳµĸӾ·̵дգǶѪȱѧ͵
ϵķ񶨡 1958꣬ٻŵϢٷ˶ 
㡱ЭῪϵĻ壬ѧΧϵסլ
ҵŴʯͷһֻ˼ĺӡ·ˡ󡱡춹ٷѹ
ϲòܾŵʼڶ˹ҷдģ
ľл

      ڡȺУǿԿӪһѺη
вٶ˹˼ߡⲿ 1968꣬ϰָίиһ
Ůͬʱ΢ͽܴݵ ӻ˸ĳ档1973
ָĸŮڿ˸񲪵ҹѶ£ò
صĵط˻ ֮ɱˡ

      Σڱѡ£ڹ档ͬʱԵѧ
ʽ
       
      ڱ֮ǰܵ 1967
ЭһУǴϵľ籾ʤߵʢۡ С˵һȦ
ָΪ׺ݵķշӡ ֳġһȦ ָ
˸񲪳ߡ
    
      ˹һֻ˼ĺӡ޴Ļ 1963ͱ˸ܾ
ָΪ桱λ׷ɵʫˣɵĺ
ʫȷѰģ /  ƴдʱ򡭡
ŵŹָģ춲޴Ļ˵ʫϵĹ
һ⡣Ҳ춼ȨᣬڼȨУʫ˿ΪЩĬǳ䵱
ࡱ
        
      ˸񲪷ɱļĺ֣ 鲼أ쵽Ϲ
ƤµߣʹʿϳˡȺ
гʹ˱̬˵桰 һ[Ϲ]Աĳǵġ
ΡһƬȻϹȨԡ˼ɵּ
ϹٶԱϹò 1974 7ٿһγ̸
˶Գɵ档
      
      ٷڹһ鰸 1948 12£Ȼ
ͬ·صľָ֡ΪСĵƷѼ
ĺ쵽ͼֹþںնݡˣ1951꣬þ类ıΪ
ӰĳЩӰԺӳʱйطӰԺҪǣоıԷ
ֹߵĿ
        
      ڹ塰ĻᣬһȺ˼ĺӡһ
Ա֮ԻǵķѾǡ滰ǸǣǸʵʲôҲûд
ǣҪ滰ڼȨңҪصĴۣ

  

      йʢӵĹȣΪĺ֮һĺûб𾡣
ǣйġ˼ĺӡȴδͲⲻң춼
ϳšйûǰһԼ˹ݶɿ˺
ӰԶҡ

      2000ʵϲǧ꣬Ƕʮ͵һ꣬ ҸнĻ
Ƕʮһŵڡ нƷй½ˣӳй
ļƶȵļ˲пԡĸڼ䣬춶ԼƶȵĿ־壬нջ
Լʮ๫ָ塣ʮн  ִС˵ɳ̽
Ϸ վ͡˰лɽ߿ʼϸ
ɵ¿ʼдġ¼֮ᣬнд ʱѾں
ıɣⲿ˶˲ۣͬʱҲŭ
ר 𼪶ЩʿĴ̵;Ĺӵŵרߣ
ˣٷ˸нڱԢֹһƷܸнŵ
Ʒй½Ȼ޷棬źģԸнѧ
Ҳ⵽ɱ
         
      ܸн󵭻ΣڡɽУȻԿʮ
ƶȵڣԶ죬ƫƧɽ磬һͷҲ
ġԭ򡱡һ˵ʥڽ¶ĸﱩ棬ΪߣΪ˴
һȴڣһʶ塣С˵ʹ߿ɴ͹
ͬ߼תġɴͳκ͹ͳεĹ֮ͬ춣߶ʶ
˵Ļϡ˹Ǹȱš̫˵ĿѡСն˵
衱˵ ҪѰҵˣҪûеȨôר


      ܸн㲻˼ңҲ¸ҵķߣƷҷ
Ȩͳε

  

       ȻڼȨ˼֮¡ڰʮ
ŵУǿԷֺüλġ˼ĺӡ

         ϷŮҸĬ ( 199 )ġŮһ ⵽
õʱһλٵĻ˵Ů߰ɯĹһ̨
 Ϸǹ͹Ե ٷ֯һ״ǣС˵
ȻѰдɡˡѺдɡˡ1963ٷйس
ĬĶʮϷǵֲ٣ İ˵硷
ʲ׼硷͡ŮϷһֱϣĬ뿪Ϸǣ
ܾ뿪ѡд־ʽ

       19671969ʱдбʼǡ
ʱģֱ1972档1986򿨵ٻŵ
ǽ˼ɵһԵȷ֤

      ǣ1997꣬ȱϯде򿨵̣ 
ʮͶ˼ɽеһصĵ߸ԭ򣬽Ϊ춵
׫дˡһ½¶˿ڡ һ飬  1995Ǿ
ҿϡޣά ( Ken Saro-Wiwa ) ȰʿıС Ȿ
У򿨵۹ⲻǣǹע޵ʷ״
ִٵһͬ⣬ֱ˼ɣ
ʲôһҵĴۣͳԡҡȨʹٽ
չ ˵ϡѹʿ ʩб̤Ȩʱ 
񽫸Ĵۣ

       ( 1988 ) Ϊ˼ɸĴۣ 1994
ֲӶȥִʵֻ֣ܿڴ˼롣ĺ
ƽ˵˼ŭ˰ԭּߣȫС˵ఢ
ұꡣܳС˵ͬĺǡд 1959꣬
ޱֽءⲿС˵ѹȣᳫڽ̿ݣ񶨡ۻۡġ
塱ԭС˵زþͱ
ȨڽѧָΪ¡ºĬ¡̰˹֪ġа˵ 
 ˹ӳɹطɱ˸ĳ泤ʮ֮ã ԭһֱֻ
Աֽصʽڵ۳ֱ 1996
ȫ顣ĳ棬ñС˵бһѹ
սᣬҹλ춰졣ǽǵĺͬ￴

        
      ͼ˹ ( 1967 ) ǱλҸŵΣ
ңС˵ͳд춱ֲֵ 1930꣬
ⲿһλרƱĵͣʱֻܴܿ˼
ֱ 1946ī档ĺ䶯ЧӦƶ
Խ¶ͷΪĵĴַ߳Ϊħʵ
ٻŵ֮һⲿ߶Ծٹͬ
Ĺڵһд

      ڵˡ ǴӴˮˮΪ˱⳾̫࣬Ϊ
һﵽͳȥĽУոĵľӣŻĴٹ
ˣŽƷĽмҴҵͽߵ¼Ա ͳ
ͳӯأͳһȺŵĴӵ£ȺԶĵط
лϰĵǸ´ʵŮһͳʼ
˵Ķӣ û˷Զ쳹磡
Ĺΰɵ䣬ҳϲսʿѧıˣ͹
ͳ꣡

        ⷬõ𼪶ǷһҪĲ䣬Ǿ
ǣ߲ҪʿĴ̵;ĹĴӵԼǿ䰲ȫУҪ
ŵĺʻĴӵ֤Ϸԡߵķ ( irony ) ʷ
ָǣڶͳ£ٷһֺԶӦΪĶ棬
磬ĶӡӦӡĹӦҵ
ˡ

  

      ˼룬ǽܳѧҺǿѧһҪءŵ
ķĺġ<>ԡ ʫһ
ͭ˼ǶʫĸС˼룬ʫеõұ̾;ĳ
̡ԵĶ
      
      ˼룬ǷȨĶ˼ϵɣҲѧԺһ
һѧʡ佱УʱԷ֡˼롱򡰹
ۣ磬̩ġʫ˼롱صġ˼ɡ
Ʒġķḻ޴Ļġ˼
           
      ζǣ  1999񽱵ľء˹ŵ˵Уһ
ԴոױԽĻһΪȨߴԡ

      ˵ԢС˵еʵҴ󣬴ʵҶӮ
ŵ ˹µЩ󣬿˵ڼȨƶ±Ʒ
ߵĴС˵βڵըʱһְ˰
ֵҴ棬ǰõԽԣ
ҲԡƺۺָĽˣ ĬԳΪ
һֻĸ˹Ȼһֻ˼ĺӡŵֱӰ䷢һֻ
˼ĺӡ

      ˼ĴýУѧѸЧʽ֮һڡ˼ĺ
ӡУǿԿȨɡԪĻֵ
ϵ˼ĺӡġ󶴡ǴʹȨ̷һǱڵ


      йԹžС֮ѧҷʧܵ
ҪԭΪӵرߣмΪϵͳһͶ
һµҩСʱڣϢͿԿڶഫ鼰ȺᣬǾͻ
Զ֮ɼΪߵ࣬ΪǿߵĲбЧĶԲ߾
ϢĴ⣬ӻóѰά E ϸߵʳΪ
߽ⶾ ӵһγһʳƷʱѳԵķһ
ͷ Ǿ͸ͬ࣬ȺҰϢŴһںӵ
ǰӦеƾ˽оġϴԡ ñ
˼ԼĶ˼Ϊԡ̥ǡʵ϶Ծ˺
ﵽĵزֻǻ۶¸ҵˣܾкӵЩŵ㡣
         
      ͨѶ淢Ϣᡢ Сĵϣȫţ
ܲļȨδѹ˼ɣ˼ĺӡа취Ѹٴ
ɵϢ