  йġɡǡɡ 


    


Դ 

      й롰ɡսѾꡣɡӪ
λҪֱܹΪɡλΪǡ
սĶԷǡɡһ綨עĿ⣺ȣ
йġɡǷǸܹġɡԸݷ
ۡΣйɡһЩ˲ڡɡ
ɡӪǵ˸Ȥڴ˲²⡣ܷΪ
ɡӦ˵п͹۵ı׼ սķпֶܵλӰ
죺˫ǡ塱ֻȻкܶش
ҪۣӦлĹͬ㡣ͨԡλйġ
ɡɡܹԷ빲ͬﵽĳֹʶз
ۣйͬͬսǽⳡսһɹ 

      ΪиȰ漰ɱĺ弰˵
 

      (1)ܹġɡرġɡ
͡ɡӪΪաѡɡΪʮ
塯(New Deal Liberalism)ᵽŵ
ý(Arrow)б(Tobin)һ걸Ķ壬ʱ
Ĳվȫָ˼ʮ˹춨ִʱ
̬ʮʼƫռλ
˼(Ҳ˵ռȨλĻ׵õɡʿͬ)ڻ
Ȩλ٣ȻǿҸл 

      ܹһ壺йġɡʵɡ
ɡ˵ɷ(Libertarian)ȷ˰
ϵġɡԡɡĶ----վɶ
ɡ----ȴ˵ͨΪվɶġз˹塢˹
塢ȵȡ 

      ϣʡλġɡǡ(New Deal Libera
lism)ɡǡɷ(Libertarian)ϤLiberalism
LibertarianismһӢĸĶߣοеϸ

      (2)ȥսеߣվսǰص֮ѧڡ͡
桢ˣӿսȫġ˼ľ硱վ
۵εΪۣ߰ǰҺμҶԼ硢ëԬ
ΰʱνΡβ¡һߡ͹۵˵й
 塱⡢άӭʢ顢ֵˣսеĵλ
е⡣ɡеĹ۵㳣漰壬ǵ
ѧڡ͡桢ˡһ棬ߣ
͡ԾĹ۵ֱ
ҵսΪ塱һЩ˵Ĺ۵硰
ʵϲѧĲۡӦðѡ塱
ȷ֣ԱȥսšµĻҡ 

        (3)ȥսеġɡڴ½Ĵ͡ع
ǿȣڴ½и֮Ԫܹȡ ɳԱĽ綨ƫ
ȱ֮ɡšԱУҪĿǱͬ߶ԡ塱
Ĳͬ÷(硰塱ָLiberalismLibertarianism
ҡأջ׼ʲô)ҡƪҪ
ۡɡۣȻٶսĽһչۡ

   

      йȷʵڡɡǾʮй֪ʶӷֻĲ¡
ڱɹԱȺľԣǵĹͬ򣬼
˽лгơԸΪķϵִԡʱƶȵ
ɡ񶨣Ըĸǰë󶫵ۺʵĿ϶Լǵ
˼Դǵۣ䡰󡱵ʣж롰
塱Ĺϵ

      Ź죬ľ籾.֮һڡëϯ2
4ꡱҶλûëϯĶʮ緢˺ܴ
仯ҵʹ˶ܵ˼Ĵۡëϯ
ĺСδĽӰˡûëϯĶʮë
˼ڼзչͷḻë󶫵ʵĽѵǰѪ
ë󶫵־йĴʡйΪë󶫲Žйΰ
͵ʦëͬ־࣡᲻ɴݡս޲ʤë˼꣡ Ƿ
ԺʵжϣߺĿںŵġСǡɣǡ
ߡ

      ǿл񹲺͹ʮʱΪĸǰʮںã
ͳ֤йʮΰɼһűǡ1965-1985
ݹҺ͵GNPƽʶձй7.49%ձ4.7¼7.6
6.1̨ʡȱϳ6.6ۣʲƸԣ
ҵķչٶߵġйʮķչٶ緶
ΧҲǺܸߵġ롮СȲѷɫԶԶڷҺ
ҡڶűǡһЩҪƷʱȽϱи
52-7812.9%78-956.4%ۣǲ֪һһ
ǰʮҪƷʵʻڸĸ￪źĶʮ꣡
 ͳƷǼԺǿĹʱȽѡõݶ198
51988鼮Ժйͳṩרҵ
гĽйֱʮڲвղGNPͳָϵ(
νSNAϵ)ڴ֮ǰйһþ˵ǽ˼
徭ѧϵƽϵ(νMPSϵ)˵һűейݲ
GNP顶йͳ7.49%Ӧǡ롱ʱĹ
ָֻšҵ˾й(
)зչعҵ(Լ)ʱ
ȿԺܸߣҵͣ½ӳڹС˶գ
ҵGNP͹еһҵΣһ1965-1985
֤ҵķչٶߵġ
ĸ1978-1985֧꣬ʮͶʮıȽϡʵϣ
1965-1985ڼ1977Ϊ磬ɸĸǰΣǰһ(7765
)Ϊ6.7һ(8577)Ϊ8.6˵෴
ڶĲƷʵͳҲָ궨⣬ΪͳƾְաͳƱƶ
ȡݣλǡӹϡ⡱˾
Ʒѻֿ⣬ûҪֵȴֱƷƻ
˵ҵŵĲֿѻʱСҵϲҵǡһ˵г
³ؾΣʱٷʹҲС桱ͳ롰ͳ
Ʋ棬ɹһθԤñи52-7812.9%
˴Ծ顶йͳñǡ֡
Ծǰĸֲǣ57535֣58800֣591387֡ݼί
Ա䣬ʱĸ(Ǽƻָ)һ
̣ⶨë׼ġЩ֪ȫʹ
ġ֡Ʒ鱨ԾأҪͳֱ
ίͨϱȻʡ(漰һ棬
ܹĹ۵йء)󣬸֮ʿǹҵ̵һָ꣬
жϸĸǰ󾭼óɾ͵ǡݡ磬ԽԽ
ǷӦÿһϵĲƷϵչǰ;˲ҵأ Ҫ
ʵǣǿĹ۵㣬롰塱ѧߵĹ۵㣬Ƿݣ
һ塱ӪҪ˼Ⲽ³˹ойоרҡ
оԱ(Harry Harding)һʱڵۡĸıҪԡʱо
ǣ1965-1973(ĸǰ)ʣй7.4ձ9.8¼13.
07.9̨10.310.0עձʣǿг4.7г
9.8һ

      عԡִᡱжϣִȴǣ
ҵг¢ϣԽԽ˱ų⵽ıԵǲ
͹̵ܵеʺĻԴơ
˼˵Լ涨ƽȣҲǷĹ涨ƽȣʵΡ
ĻԴռʵϵĲƽȺ͸ƽȡһп
ӣ˼ˣʵֻܴ˼˵ʵӶ
һĳʶġгʤĵطվĴͲǡ
һֻεġʱ塯һṫԼԶΪ
ģС֯ԡͿνᡯ 


      ˼Ϊݶԡִơоң
塱ѧߣ˼˵ʵͻᱻųڡһ
϶ӣ˼ˡ֮ˡбǿ˹۴ʦͬʱԲֶ
Ԥõʵߣοľùʡ븥ѧɱʱб
ĵΪѾִͨҡھãʵֳݾҵ
ĿꡣбΪġ塱ѧɣͬ⡰ִ
ҵг¢(߰гǷǡ¢ϡģҪʵڵķ
֤)ԽԽ˱ų⵽ıԵֹ۵㡣

      ģūһ
ĹϵūǡǡɵĻԼɵ˼˵ֱūҲ
ŴȵһִҵĻûūƣû޻û
ûִҵūʹֳؾ˼ֳֵóף
óǴҵıزٵûūƣĹ
ҩͻڷƵĹҡūƣǾ͵ڴͼϰĨ
ȥԵʷ´½ȻɱҪūΪҪ
Ĳ䣻ôݡ֢ʽķū۵ū۵ݰ٣Ҳͳ
Ϊǵ֮һõ֤־һ
ɣһֺԥūۡ ʣκΡ˹
ߡСΪ˼˶׿
С˼ǰͿֱūơķϳֿ쵼ķ
ū߶ۣһ˸λ͹׼ҳϵĶӡ
ţ˵¼δʱı־Ϊ˼ҵ˼ûΪ
ūƱ𣬡ͼϰĨȥ 

      ë󶫵ŲۣëŤתʷ
Ťת˼άʽıļֵۺۣԴݲȵ̬ȸ
ǣ۹һзɶֽϻ꾡о١ë󶫵Ķ
Ų磺˼졯ë󶫵һִ죬ͼͨɽ硢
߸Уƶũٽ˼˶ʲ׼Сʲ׼֪ʶӸ
Ϊ޲׼֪ʶӡëûΪļκŲ......
ȴΪй˷ḻ˵ĲƲһƲ˵
ϣҲִɺŵ˫Ŀġ ֻʹ߾Ȳʹģ
Ϊߵһ֪ࡣ˵ɽ硱ҪġСʲ׼֪ʶ
ӡǳ66ѧ⣬ѧѧҵûɵĵġ족ѧ
ͬһӵľֻ˳һʮĺӡΣǱ
ȥ(Ǳѡ)Υ˵ϡ
ֵ׼ȨС˼족ٴΣë󶫳ࡶ潭
ۡһʱڣȫпҵκδٽִɡ
ڽԺʵԴٽִɡΪĿ꣬ԡ׼Ϊ
޲׼ר䴴ǡĶ󲻶󡣲ʲ׼
ũǶ֪ʶӱܴݲУһĺӳ˸󣬾
ײũƶũҲ⡣ ʶٳ֡塱۵
ˣ̸ʱ漰ӣֻ漰߾ġڰ桱Ǿ
ἤͬ͵ķӳǣI am lucky that I didn't have this
 kind of experience(Һˣûо)ûоµ˶
˵ġϣейˣҲپġ족

      ͵Ҫ漰ִԡرȫ⣬Ƕȳ
羿˵Ŀ塯ص
ձг˸ƽȵļֵԳľЧΪӣ
һڲȫΧڴƶľ޴ó׵ʵж
ӶԿóףȴֲƽȵĽṹ԰ŵһ
йĸĸУһͨȨϷֹʲͨ¢ϻȡ
ͨȨĻڵʱְռгԴȺ塱 
塱ӦΪӹ壬Ϊۺֳ塢ū
ó׵ʱڡɡޡбľѧȻڴЧ
ʡó׵ȵȻ ͱ˶ԡִԡʵﵽĳɹ
ִԡҪо(עִ)һЩڸ
ִʷϵѹʽνȫ򻯵ʷҲǰѸ
͸˱֯һȼġƽȵĽṹ֮еĹ̵̡¡ʷ
Ұȫ򻯵¢Ͻṹ ԡȫ򻯵¢Ͻṹûм
Զ壬Ҳûṩͳ֤ݣ޷ֿۡ
(Arrow)б(Tobin)ľѧɣΪȷ˵˼Դ
ġ֪ʶӵ˼˶ 

      ͵Ľ뾭ѧξѧ˼Դͨ
׿ȫĹ47˼161¬2ڸ
5һ˼(Angus Walker)6˹̹4
21޴1 Ŀ¼ܳݱߵĹ۵㣬
ôߵĴԻӦÿһ㣺.Ͳ޴
ָйʱĹ淶ʽʽޣӶؽʾ
ʷеġгʱҡȨ¢ϡʱǷг
һ۶ǴһʷовĽۡйгúͼƻõ
ʽ޷;ʵӶһվס(߰ԭ
)۾۵ĻǼΪΣյġ ˵ġʽ
ִѧ֤гĴԺԵ΢۾ѧ
ʦۿǹѧĹǡ㶨бǿ˹
۾ѧʦһɾǺ۾ģ͡Գơ˲Ǿѧҡ
˶Ծѧоʹ뵽ĻѧרҶ԰˹̹۵
СʱǷгһ۶ϡ밢޺бľѧȫݡ 
˼ξѧһΪҪİ汾ʮͣһɷ
(ָ߰ǵ.˹ܵ)ڹҸԤתΪгʷ
ձӶгһ滻ֳȳѪȵʷ
ۺѧгԷ(߰ԭ
)ΪִԵĸΪĿܣʱĹĿΪ
˸ֺڸ--˼˼봫ͳ رߵ˼Դǡ
--˼˼봫ͳȻ롰塱ͬɡ


      ܹ1991귢ǿҡΪйɵ
ɽ֮ͻĹ۵ǡת͹̲ҪҪǿ
رǹҵĹЩԱĴͳ
ǿҾг޷ȡҪܡ߽ܶΪ
塱Ĵԭ£ȣ1989찲Ź㳡չʾġ
ڵʱǿҡΣ1991йƾռȨ
λĹӪҵекͽڻͶʡ۸/ȷ⾭óȻ
û䡰뿭˹徭ѧ۵ͬն
ĸСԾõĿȨȡǡ
Ψһָ꣬ܲҪָꡣһȨȨĲ
GNPıһȨƣǰ߿Կеı־̨ӣ
ѧվվԭ򡱶رգԽֹᡢũᡢ֪
ʶɳȷáҿ𣬵ȵȡȡ
ģġ롰ȡΧ¡ 
߲ܹͬȷԼǡɡƪвٹ۵
Ϊϡ塱ѧߵ¡ ɷߵ
ǵǡµõڵĻ
ģȨԽСԽãֻӦݸҹ˵ĽɫȨıȻ
Ǹң渣ҶıȻģȨ޵ˣҪʵ֡
ùˮ(shrinking the state)Ŀ꣬ѻȨй
λûӰɷҲѧ࣬˵ʲôȨ
ڻרƱ ʷĹ۵㣬
ȨġȻǸҡרɷ
ߡҮеǵ¹˹Ǹҡй
ȷʵλûӰйȨĸʵʩġ
רĲʹ飬ⲻǡڻ򡱵⡣ֱ죬
ܹϣйȻǡȨ塱壬壬Ҳ˵
ǡȨǡȨԶûʵȨѹ
Ȩйⲻǡùˮ𺦡ҡйҪ
ΪʵֹȨ ԣв׼ԣ˽вȨ
Ҫ֪ʶӢԣҪԴڱ
ЩȨôڱ˸Ȩwelfare rightsԴͻӦ
˼ѧָģ˶ԣƲȨͺܶȨֻǡʽϵȨ
Ǹ޷á˵ĸȨʵΪ̰
ؼṩһֲ˶ѡ ˽вȨҲҪģ
߰塱ȷĵȨ޹ƶҪǡɴ
йũڹƶµĲƲȨһɶӦе
ءסڡʱβ͡ʱҲ⵽ַа
ıֲȨϵʹũӪ˾޴ɹһʵ˼
ѧ߹ڡʽϵȨĹ۵㣬롰塱ȷʵͬ˼
ɳͶĲȨʽǰʱȨʽһֽĲ
һӡ˵ĸȨʵΪ̰һ۵
ľѧ۩ǰɵĩ밢޺бľѧ
ݡ һɥʧǶԹȨвϣ
ɿȨ֯ Դ˿ʣǿķ˹
ǷǶԹȨв1968Ϊ˶ɱ֮ĸֽݿ
֮йᷨ˹ʱڹǿ
ԱĹҰйҲҫԡȨ
вǷֻǡδ󡱵ģ ɷĳΪˣŸ
˵ɺȨԱ𴦣Ϊ˱(ܹԭע
ɵ˵1999꣬280ҳ)е˶
"Ϊ"ҪȨʲôãֻΪԱ˲
ҪȨҪǣȨǸ˲ƲȨĳɱҲɸ˸
ɷߡǧټƵص˽вȨȨĳɱͼ
Щɱת޸ˡΪκȨڵıҪ
ǰᡣνˡȨɷ˵߽ѡ λ
˾ȣɷ壬Υ塱һˡȨ
ǶԡˡȨÿ˶еȨȨԶλ壬
עṫ˾й˾Ȩ߶Ը˵ضʸ壬ʧҵȡ
ȼýȨڶˡȨǶԡˡԵģǡɷ
塱Ļй߰治֪ٱ顣ԡ
ˡȨԴвۣܷͬȡ츳Ȩ˵Ү֤ȨԴ
ͨγɵġΡЩӰ조Ȩĺ塣
ܹɹ۵㣬ʵڡɷߡҮˡģˡȨǡ
ƷҪάϵгɱģҲǡɷ塱Ļ
۵㣬Ү˵Ĵ֤壬ɡ޶˹ڡۡ۵
ǡˡȨɭڡʵɡаЩˡȨӢ
ǡpersonal liberties,including some basic political and civil rights(
ȨĳЩκ͹Ȩ)Сɷ塱Ȩ
Ƿʵ㣡塱 1991굽ڣܹĹ
ʼմԵĵĹһƪô©һҪԭ
ʱתΪϵйߣǿǣ˰
룬Ͷ㸣ҡȨй
⻹ֹڴˡΪʵ֡Ȩ(ƲȨ͡ɡ)Ҫɱ
ƳϡȨ𺦡Ȩٽ񶨡ˡȨ
ͽۣҲ롰塱ݡ޶˹֤ˡ
ĻȨʵġԡҪǷҲǡ߽

      ֮Ԫܷǡʽġƶȴ¡
ļũ롣漰Ҫۣǡܷ
羿ʲôĵʵľ⣬Դṩ꾡ʷʵ
ظҲϣ֮Ԫ㡮塯ĽΪ
ǿν΢۾ҵڲľ仰˵֮Ԫ
ģͲٶۡ

      ˳߲ۡԸøڱ۶޷Ӧĵ
λ˲ڴۡ߻һս۵޹ءսʵ
йص(ҲҲܹ)һ˵
šĹͬߡΪʲôȻΪɡ
б׼֡ɡɡһվڡ
塱ˣôǡɡ 

  ׺ 

      ɡҪΪ塱ơɡ
һšͿɵ¡塱Ӫܴڲڶࡣ
һӪйͬĻгҪ¡ (1)϶˽Ƶг
ڴ˻ŻĹҸԤΪгʧܡΨһ
Ļݵֶ(롰гʧܡӦСʧܡ)
֯á (2)޶˹Ϊ϶ԷȨɭΪ
ԡʵɡ(ɡ)ɵĿչԽȨɡ򡣼
ԸɡƽΪĵķΡ (3)ַɵר/Ȩ
/ȨȨԽ׼Ϊġ(4)֡ƽȡ
еƽȡΣԼмƻ ɡʿǷͬ
Щԭ򣬴ӶΪɡأӪӦûӭǡ 
ߵĹ۲ǣս漰Ⲣֻѧ۵㡣󣬱
˼⡣ɡСɡ򡰾塱һЩ۵ʱȷ
ʵйʵһЩ⣬ᵽ󣺡ͨȨϷֹ
ʲͨ¢ϻȡͨȨĻڵʱְռг
Դǣ˭仰˵ǡ塯......һ
Ⱥ塱ɡǡѧڡǡǡ
ͣȵȡͨЩѧߵۣҲκιĴĻ
෴ǶСˣǻܡȨѹơ
ᳫ۵գաȨӡ¢ϡλֺ
վΪʲôɡͲǣ ԡɡ
һ⣺ⳡսѧ֮ĽۣǶԡ׼ˡĶУ
ġɡ롰ɡһ¿ṩһա
塢ʮܡɡĻѹƣѧڼӶ
˹ǡɡеġɡСɡ1992긥
ɡġ˹˽ҵоġ˵ڿ︥
ѼӶ˹һ̨ͨſھ˵Ҳϣĺ
һӡ󣬼Ӷ˹һǴȻ˵¡ʮ
ҪӡȣʵʱפӡʹļӶ˹Ƿӡȼһ
Ӷ˹ϻ븥ʹۡ硣ϯӶ˹˵Ҳͬ
˼룬뵽κطЩ˼ӡɵ
𺦶ҪСһ㡣ʱӡȼдͳع壬дѧļƻ
ù취йġɡ͡ɡܷͬ磬йͬ㣬
϶ֵĹ۵е(üӶ˹Ʒʽ)ڴ˻
ϼпԵѧأ

