οܣ

̨壩Ԫ


    ̨һͬᣬй񵳳ڵȨ̴ͳΣԼ
⵽ķ˶ȺζԱӦ̨γɵҪԭ̨
η磬Ȼʶ̬ĹͬԸΣʵϣԵȨ
̴ͳγɵĵʱ弰ڲֳų̃́ηṹ
ɽչĹ񵳱ߣǽ̨屾صݼӢ뵳ƣδɻ
ԾؾܾģΪʶظԲٳ弰䱳Ҫ
ȺԺʶ̬Աάξ档

    ̨ڲȡǹ϶ıתģʽˣʱ
岻δ⵽⹹Ϊ֧Ӧѡٺ򷴶ԵҪһȱ䱾ͬأ
ڲֳṹҲ޴ӽȫԵЩ˹񵳵ĵ֮⣬
áȺԺĻƽȶԴʷʶķʡԼȨε
ֵȵȽȻˣǧ̨棬oǹ񵳷µżȻȻ
Ӯͳѡ٣oҪδչԺĶϯΣûзɿΪʵת
壬oҪδȫչȨתʵ־Ͳڴһ
ƾӵӷѵʵмֵ쵼̨֧θ
ĸֺͬŬ

    ǱϣСлܷ©Ϊһž
ʱᵳŵĻţʱԷ干ܷΪ
ܵҹΪ˫׳ƻͳơʵϸôεܵoȡ
ԺͳԺѡͬȨԭڱίԱˣ
ͳԺӦԺ̬ǵʱĬͳԽ
Ժ͸ԺչȨ־ͳרȨͳԺ
ȨȨתƵйع涨δĽ綨ԺԺ
ͶƱͳɢԺȨʱίԱѡƶɵĸѡɱߣ
ԺĶܵѹ֣ȨʹɢȨĿԣʹ
ֵȫʧЧԺͨ鰸ż½ΪȫίԱ֮
һǿԺƺȨʾҹʵڸ
бġ

    ƣǧ󣬾ͱ¶ȱˣһϵͳҰ
ȫ֣⣬ܷδͳרȨͳȨ־Ψƾֱѡ
ԾԺʵ֣ʹͳҪֱķʽʹԺ쵼
ԤڶڡܷϲδͳרȨʶΪͳľ
ûмලıҪͳ޷Ժ飬ټ֮ҰȫĹܣֵo
ҰȫйˣͳԺشߵĶԻƣ
ڡܷϻǲڵģoڴķʽܵǷʽģ
Ծߵ֤̲Ҳṫ͸ùල飬شߵḶ́
Ϊҵνġһ˾ߡǣͳԺƶԶԻƲڣ
ȱƶ£һ߶ԻλҡԻͱˡŻ
Ժҳе򵹸ɢķʱҲʹԺԺļල
ʧ飬ҲʹõòԺʵλֵ֧ԺoȫͶͳͳ
ȡԺ׳ʵȨЮƶȵ©Ϊ߾ߣ
ԺΪصĹ涨ΪģԺּΪ⡣
ԺoԸΪͳĻųĶԺͳ

    ģǣԺӵȨԤȨԺȻ޷Ӱ߾
̣ȴгݱoҪͨȨͨԤ뾭ѣԼЮ
и飬Ժʲô¶ˡԺԺͨķ
ʲôҲΥҵԺҲôĽ֣
ǻ໥õķʽ֣ڴԶ⡣

    ֮ҹܷ֮ͳԭԺΪҾĵƣԺ
ȱֱ֧ţȨתƵѡͳϡһԺԺ
ලҲͿնˣ޷ֱʵʵȨߡŵԺ
Ԥ֧֣ԺЮȨԤȨԼȨʱνҲγɣ
ҲͱܹһĿתںˡұĻҪѵǣͳѡٻίԱ
ѡٶ޷γͳԺͬһһʱĳ֣
ƶѽν֡

    Ƴô©ܣǫ̈̄
ʵoհǷȱ̵ıʡ̨Ȼһͬ
ᣬƶȵƣӦҪ֢ҩٽҵͳϣѵأ
༴ӦԪһڲͬȺԻЭ
ĻƣȨͬȽѧ߰סأArend Lijphartͬ
ŵѧɪ˹Arthur LewisĹ۵㣬ΪҪ壬
ֱӵʹȨǼӵ͸ѡĴʿܾӰˣӦ
ȥߵľƶʹ߻ͬȺԶųھ߲Ĺ
֮⣬˿ԱΪġرָӮͨԵĶģͳ
˲ᣬΪ׳Ϊרƣ뾡ѶԪɽ
ƣԹʶģƶȡ

    ҵأеնԭеģ̨
ȫΥִȨȫԴѡУͳѡٲȿԽ
first past the post˭ӮԶͿԶȨھѡĲϣo
Ҫס֧ߣŻõжӪķƣпܻˮ㣬ӱȡ
¡ѡԽԽÿһѡٶԾ

    Ҫ̨ķŤĶԾʽѡĻҪƶȥ
̨ƶȵĳzҪ˳ʶĴʹ
ƶȻУòȥѧϰݡЭԡضԪֵԼѧν
ЧĹͨЭ̡Ի

    ߴܽίԱѡٷʽΪһѡƱƣѡٲݣһϯ
ڵطѡΪлȫѡٲݣֱѡ
ౣԪĲȨҪ϶ұֵܸĳɹϯ
μɵĸίԱԵĲɱƻƱƱֵľͬʱҲѹ
ԪĲռ䣬ȴӦҪԼֵġڴ֮⣬ίڸΪ꣬ڽɢ
Ժβ׷£ܿɵ߽Ժίͳʱµ
Σίڵʮѡ٣¾ְͳڴѡ٣¾ְ
ԣʮһͳǰӦԺѡԺڵo±Ҫ
Ӧͳְܴ֮ǣһԵԺڰͳѡ٣شߣ
ͽȻʹҿת꣬塣Ҫһͳѡ٣ͳѡȹЧӦп
ٳһĳ֣ʱͳΪģеƶȣȴԾ
ʹͳľ͸ʧȥȨܸ˵ҰִĶƽӼң
ַͶƱͳԺɲͬôڵν̣
ٳȥ

    Сܲݰŷƶԭ
ҲİͳƣͳƻڸȨϷ
ȷҲӾ븺𡣲ͳߣͳΪ׳߱
ۣΪԣͳķȨڴһ£
ͳнϴȨ԰õνֽƶȲ׳֣ǲ
ƣɹִ׳ίԱΣͳֱ
ѡԽȨνɵͽɢƶΣ
ܣƶΪѡ

    빲ʶĿǣԭ⣬һӦҪ
ԱԪһγɹУҪʹͬ
ܹȨķЭ̡ܰ汾Ƚϣڸư汾ѡ
Ϊƣʹϯȫ䣬ͬʱγɶִȻ
ʵʶľͳư汾ϯΣҲƶΪѣ
ʵĹҪͳ׳뾭֤ͳΪ
˵õ֧֣ͷȨͬݼӢȻҲ
ʶɡ

    Ω⵱ǰգƺȻأܴ֮ӹԱϯ
ֲ֣ߴܹϯμٹĺ֢ͬʱίԱι
ίԱԺżʵۣ߱ߣָ
ίԱԺͬȨʹͳǫԹܹε
ίԱֽ֧ܵԸܵ裬ҹƵĹʶ񽫸ͻԣ
пܽԺۣܵܵлῪת
ҲпƳͳȺڸǵȨܵԴڳˮڵʮһ
ͳְݽΪ̨ʾģȨͳδõ
ʶ⣬ӦҹӳĽ׶ܵĳɹ

    Ϊ̨лѧѧϵڣС
Ա

