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˹Richard Pipesǹ


˹ָ׺

    20ǹ˥.йعſνţ䶰Ȿ
ʵ¼һo12ֵСӣϾԴ֣֮Ҫںḻ
жԹķжԹʹ˶ʷȤϸ
ڣоһν˹ֵıȽ.ͨΪ˹
ȻǸ󱩾Ҫ˹ºһЩĪзۡĪз
Ӹλ߹˹߹.Īз꣬
˹˭׺ݣĪзԥػش𣺡Ȼ׺Щһǵ
˹֣˵ܣޱء

    ˼˹ڡԡƣ˿һ仰Լ۸
˽ơʵ¼Ȿ׷˹˼ȥߴӰ
ͼġĪġаĦｲʥšҶȻ󽲵˼
ûᵽйŴǷй˼롣ҵ˽⣬йԹȱٹ
˼룬ǡͬƪġΪᣬвȷȡ
˽Ʋе˼룬Ǹҡ

    һҪ⣺˼˹кüʮǲʱۡ
1400-1500ҳӣкܶרܶЩɬѶף
ΪʲôӰ˾޴أشǣѧĻԹΪ򵥵
.ҲԷһ⣺ȻƾŻļܲ޴
Ӱ˼˹ֺαҪдǺüʮأҵĻشǣΪ˼˹
дºüʮͷרŵ»ɬ͸һӡǾ˼
ЩƾղģǾϸĿѧ֤ģͶȷģ
ŵġ

    ܽṲʧܵԭʱ˹ָ㣺һҪĿҪ
ƽȣΪǿȴƽȣֱ뽨һȨı
ʹƽּ֮Ȼ޴档ڶۺʱεأڱڱ꣬׼
Էͻʱǻսʤ֮ģΪʲô׺ͷ˹һƬ
ԭĹ壨Ͷ͡ȫ޲
ںž޷ʵ.˼˹ʹӿ˿ѧ.˹в
ͽС壺ӿ뵽ѧ塢⵽ʧܣ
ĿѧҲƲ.ȻһЩҪǳǵ
ѾپпѧĻ˿룬ǼпȨ˸ɴ
Ѷ˹Ǿ仰壺ӿ뵽ѧߵ˵壺ӿѧ롱
ȻˣӦñ˵Ϊ.˹ǰ˸
ԡ沪εһǵİ޲һλζ.޲˵
ѹȵ̫ˡһӾʹеբţǻ
վ˵ܵĿѺԩǽѩɽк£ûзӵס
ġλ쵼ǳǵͳȫǽڶԴ˵ѹ
֮ϵģάѹͳεĲ.Ҳٴ֤ˣ
ǹרƵİ˹֮࣬սṲʵͻƿڡһ׷
ǶҪԾذȡɷȵĵλ


ֵȶļ

    ˹ⱾҲֵȶ֮2080
˥˵Σ.Σܽȫĸ⻰˵úܶԡ
Ļˡ˵չ쵼һĸȵ1985꣬չͳμž
ȷʵ˵ıʱǾͳμŲͳȥ
Ҳͳȥˡ˵ܿɻɡȷʵ˥״̬
δص˱ʱ.ڵʱչڲ޷ѵļҲûзϾ
ģĹƾӴѹƺʮѹɵĿ־ЧӦչͳβǲ
ټһʱ.һ

    ˵ǷѸĸƽһ׶ʱѵľأ
ǼѹһۣʹһƬţ˥ȥ߿ֻۣð
Σ.⻰Ҳ.ͬǹңйһѹۣûʹйһƬ
˥ȥأȻӳԶһѹƵĹעҪ˥ȥģڶȴδأ
пǿ

    У˹дʼĵ·ʱЩ߸ԭŤת
ģҲԹʧȥģûʲôǳûѹҲƲ
һѡϵйǾͿԷߵĽ˵ȫйǿӲǺγԹ
ģҪάǵһרҪѹ˶ʵϣ
ҵ쵼ǶͶԹʧȥˣȥǾܾת͵ɽ
Ϊάǵһר

    ߽Сƽʱo˵ĸĸûᵽ˵ѹûᵽġڽ
ȨΪεoСšԽȹųҲoЩҵĹʱ
޴òʼղθѹȻǶ֪ûθѹƶȾ
һҲ첻ȥˣչĸ߸ǷѹԸܺƽתֵͣÿ϶
ġ˵Щ߸ǳþøĸ֮һѣй߸ȣǰչ߸δ
С׼ˡϾйû룬ûжýļලԱǻΪ˽Ҫ
׵öࡣȻƫƫйľ÷չȶŷ졣ôָٷչ
ʲôʲôϵйľ÷չЩΣԼйͷ
˹ڶԵʱйǶĺй̫ԡȻ˹
רҶйרңйȱ˽⣬Թ
ҵ˽Ǻܲġ

