ѹȺʾʷȽ

 


    һõĹ۵ΪǣǽϾǰɱںǺϷģ
ʾȺǰӿǹںʾȺǷǷġִ˹۵֮˻о
ʷѹʾȺڵ˵ʾйɱ˺Ϸ׿Ⱥں;˭
ȿ˵ȻΪôһҪ壺Ϊ
ԹˡѧѹǴģҲ϶йѹѧ˶Ǵģ
oΪȷġйġȨƤ顷ȴַȨ
ʷаѹʾȺڡ׹ʿΪ˽кãĪܲйѹʾ
ѧǴģֲǶԵģһߴưйϴ
һָ߲ͣȨ˵ĶǶԼĶǶå߼
å߼˲ǳľȺʾѹʷȡ
ֶκʹﵽĿģһԱȡ


һԡԡԡս


    ڵѹйѧȺڵѹȫһбҪ
⡣ԡ1852ʹӦ˵ϵһܹ
սĹҡȨԭҪһǡƽȣ߸
ɲɰȨаȨȨ׷ҸȨԡ
ϱսԺūƵķϳʹһȨԭʵԡص
ϷһЩطֱ1976Ժȡƺɵַϰ˵
ȨŵȻ1776꿪ʼܻݼˣǱÿһϼֺƵģ
ܶԺ˵ȨĹģһԭǷڣ
κ˴۸ĻսһԭȻġԡˣ
һ仰Լ۸˽ơ˽ƣζûˡ׷
ҸȨζŹսȨԭģҵģ
άȨġ

    1873191542ʷ˵޲׼ʲ׼ĶʷΪ
й˹һʷʱڹʶƶȵƻƬذʷ
Ȩֵּ֤۵ļó͹չԷģ
רĽۡƻľַºܶй˲ȷʷʵ
ǣϱսս 1865꣩ãεˣ1872
깲һʽܲǨŲһ꣬1873 꿪ʼ1915곤
ʱ½һϵе޲׼˶չΪҪ˶ʽ
˽׼ʼչǰã1871 328հ蹫һѪʵܲ
뵽һϱսڼͽᣨ֯ߵ
Ϸūƶս˼ԼɪΤһ١
ľ衣ЩԴ˹ġʷҵ𰸡


Ĺ˶ʹ


    ߲Ϊ19ĩѹ˶ɵ˿o˵һʷʵ
Щѹ˶ڵı³ֵġһΰչ1873꣩
ֵصľΣģʵǾΣı˹ˡ
Ķ޲ʵʩȨĻᣬԺĸصİչ˵ 1873ľΣ
ǹ˰չɡ177674վͨԡȷȨԭ򣬺ͨ
ϱսϳūƣ˱ȨϽ⣬òκεĽ
ۡԣϵ˫еĳڵĶʵ޲׼ҪƷʲ
׼Ķ԰չѹȫάʲ׼ҪӦΪά
Ȩֵ֮衣Ϊ˱˭޲׼רĿľҪʲ׼
ҪвߵȨȨԭȫģ˼Э
ҲߵĶǡרơ롰רơ޲׼Ķά֮
뷴֮޲׼֮Ķǹûȡʤʹ
ƶȵơ

    ˵1921 5ʽйĳo¡
˵19˶ԷĶǱɿġȻ˵
 1920ų18713 18յİ˭쵼ģ10İ蹫硪
޲׼רȨ˭ģûй˵ĵģЩʲô
壬ʲô޲׼רһҵʽo˵ǴӺ̨Զ
ǰ̨ԿӦһţⱻܶ˽޲׼˶
ѹΥŵԡڣݵĿǱרƵģȨģ
ѹǺġôһֽİԽза壬
ĽרǱһ֡ЩݽרƵıԡ
ķšԷרƷȻңȥЩ


ˣ˹˶ѿ


    ƶȵĿﵽ޲׼õĿģһƶȸ蹲˵
ȨһȨȡȨȨһɲ֣˹
˵˵ʲôӹɵģǾǣǵĵ͹˽׼o
ʽ£ȡͳΡ1891ݰСȻͷ
ˣǵĵһ˹ҵȨӦøɴذռߣṤ
һһǷҪʵУ벻ȡǣȡȡȨʱ
ȡڴռԼ̬ȡǾΪκ¶
ǲģ˼ҽҽöΣ
˰Ƕ˲ˡ˹ũ⡷ⷬ
ҺѪֹĶɼŷҪж񶾣Ҫ໵
ж໵ͲˡǷȨδıҶ֪ѿ̨
ŷ壬Щҵѣų̂ؼ̨й
ȨѾй޴ѣ˹ãԡˣ
޷ 19޲׼˶ѹoҪŰרƵġ
򣬶ܲЩ˶ǹˡũϷūʲ׼
ӦֹܵΪѹ޲׼˶ʵʡ

    սӰ죬ƳġȨԡҲ˷˸
Ŀģ򡣶İ蹫ͺֵ޲׼˶һǿ
ʧܵġ̫ǿ𣿿·½ʤ֪19
׼̫̫ͷˣڹ˶ѿ׶ξ
Σ綫ŷйûôˡڻ𽯽ʯ˷ˣ
ֽк𣿿ϧѧ࣬ȻйŰĽ졣ֲȨ
ǵ˹峤ڵƭΣʹǿޱȡû𣬾
жս˹ȫʤҲͲжսֹӪڣ
ŷûĳɹֹĽ׼Ͷ˵
壬᲻ķ١ 19͵޲׼˶ѹ
ȫйѹѧ˶Ტۡʵ֤Ƕ޲׼˶
ѹٽķչҪͻʷ塣


ġζԴ͹


    ôǲ˵20ͺ󣬶ԸȺʾȡѹƶǶԵأ
Ȼô˵ǹҪʷҸΥԤȺʾ
İȴҵ 1977ý˴չ1981꺽չԱչ2002ͷ
˰չݡʹϵнĪеŻˡ
ʹϵֳơѡ 19476ͨ÷涨o
ҪΪ˵İչΣҰȫͿԺֹͣչ80죬Υ
Ľͻָأ80˫ԴﲻЭ飬չԼ
ĺڣṩ˫һʱ䣬ڲӰҵ
´Э飬oһ˹͸ſóĺð취Ϊ
ֲҵĹ⣬ҿû˵ķǷġ 1981ĺչԱչ
Υˡʹϵʮ֯ԱָأһڲĹԱ
ͣԤΥΪй޷ѧʵʩɱΪ
ɱ

    ԹڷսʾȺڵѹƺйѹѧ֮ϸ
Ҳ޷ȡսȺڣսǰսսԺ࣬ս
ǰսΪһЩĺƽߣǺƽһбֱ
սķսһЩԵ֯ʾȻҲ൱ֲսҴ
ָȺڡսǰķսȺڣνǷսطһЩƽ
ߣսķսȺڣʿҰ֧ɡһַս
ȨֹսȺڵʾУΪάĸȨܷ
һ涨᲻ƶй֮ɣڽֹ̻Žɣ
ƻۼ֮ɣƽἰԸȼ֮Ȩ
ڹʾԷģʾĽͨͶӰ
죬طй涨oǹʾȨ1937 ꣬
һԼĹԱһμзԶ˵е߸߷Ժþ
֮һǡμӺƽ֮ȨӦ˼ƻᡣ
һΪͣ1939һҵĹǸδ׼ɢ
ȫ͹ϵϷͥ߷Ժþߣǣܷ
Υܷʮܷһ֮Ȩɼ
ɼйԴʾߵǺεȴֱйܷǺεαеġ
ʮǺεȻ


塢ζԴսʾ


    ķսУǳֱ֤ʵƭΪŹ򡢲ɿƵľ
һoάϲܽиԤشѧѪУԤȸ
˾ʧأòڹӣ벻ʧȥǵѧһʼʯ
ΣϮӣɳͻѧ411˵ı磬ܿѷѧ211
Ҳͻ¼йɾѧɨ䣬ǧʾ
ѧɨ䣬¼ǹ̻ǽѧ˶
Ƚϣйѧһʼǵģʹ˽Ͻ׶ΣǶԴȻƵģ
ѧĳ嶯ȫΡ׹Ҳ˵شѧѧͽܿѷ
ѧѧҲûе찲Ź㳡ѧ࣬ǾζԿ
ģʾģ19715£صȺھۻỪʢ٣ƺƴķԽսʾУ
ǰԮĴѧ 10ˣⳡȫԵķսʾģڰ˾˵
ǰڹģҲԶϺ㳡ѧ82սʦԤץ
һʾߣһͬȫװľӣԵͬȺ鼤ߵ
ڣôɵģǵġӵܱôɵģҪȥôȣ

    ֵһǣսĸסϣΪԼһս߲
ϽͷһЩϣʲ̨˸壬һδεòʲĻѿûһ
αǲ˾ͷţ3αУһƭפϹԱ˵ҪύԸ棬
ЩԱһѼ߶˰칫ȣĿ¶ۣЩ
Աֱƭo뿪򡰷Ƿ롱ɶߣһ
μӲʲڹݽڻ᳡򿪱￹飬ƻɽ
ߣһװʿ˯ڰ׹ǰĲƺϣֱˡ
Ժظ棬󳷻زϣǸйýʹ¼Ⱦ
βȨǵoҪЩȥ˻ܵطԱԴϷõڣ
ǵܵйŰģ֪йʵΪ֮ 
6090ɼֱδɧңӳ̶Զʤνġ찲ŷ
ҡӽ룬ɧҼҲ100ˣ󲿷ֲ
ǱӴģɼйӵľɥʷʹһξͻ
 1914ϲһúװչ40 100
ˣȻʮֻɹֲ״ȻҺǹԶİչ
ҲòΪ˸еʹ


ʷķʡ̬


    ǰʷϾչʾڷͻɵҲû
йһѹʾȺɱ࣬Ҫ˵йζйµ
Сûϴ̲ĳ裬ʷ˶Ժ˵ѹȣӡڰ˵ɱ
ЩִԶĨȥ˺ۣҲʷԶʹͬǣ
˲رȱµЩ񣬽ڻʢٵġӡڰ˲ݡ˷
ʡʷ֤ڶսչʾɴⷨ˹һӡڰ˲
ͬûбչʾȱµУӡڰ˵õչˣ
ӡڰƶϵ͵ѧӡڰȫҵ˰ӡڰز
ԼȣɿΪ֮ڣΪū޽ļҲΪĻһ
֡ҲϣйΪǸйڣûǰõ
ڻΪԹָףȨƤ顷޳ܵñ
ڹĴָˣԴ˼ڸԼһȡ
һעҪйƷķ͸


ߡ


    ϵóۣʾѧȺڵġѹ۴ϣǴӳ̶ϣ
ĿйǲɻȺš

    ϣһѡķoԵģ
ԭԵģߵĹϵǵҹϵйķ粻ԵģҲԭԵģ
йҪãҪã˳˵ҹϵһµģ
ԸԤȺʾͱվάϣϲԹѧڸ
ʣˣҲܲɵĹѶܳڵĹѺɱȨ
Ϊһ˽ץѧȺڣǲðδĴѡͱǰ;
ļoй಻ҪȺѡٶԽɽåoйһ
ɱķϣרϵ𡣴ӳ̶ϣǰ
;ȡڶۺʹڵ֧֣Ҳɱ޹Ϊ˴ɱ˶
ƻƣ̽յƷɨ䣬̹˷ѹʾȺйһ
ɱ˶ܵɵƲãйԿȫýۣһ
죬ȫڸʵࡣĿϿǵȨΪȡõģ
ȫûбҪɱάϵȨǸԤʾȺڵĿľ͵oʣһǼٳͻ
һǼʧ֮ǲȡйһйɱҵģɱ
˻ɱ˲ͺ±ɱйѹĵĿģǴͨɱάϵ
ȨûκĿġ

    ˶ȨϸάʹڷĴ󵨵ʹɵȨҲʹ
ΪϵʾÿǧʾУйͳε
׻޷㣬޷㷢йÿǧΥ
¼еһ׹ʿйȽ˭ɱɱĹݣܰй
Ҳܰй޲ϵ߲ҪӦҪ󵳷س
𡣣200766գ

