Աйղ˶




    ¼Ѿȥ19꣬ⳡɴѧİ˶Ӱ죬ûʱ
Ŷ嵭йй
ʷϡⳡϯȫѧ˶Ѫѹʹٲ˱
ʹٲ˱⣬˶ûϢģӸأ
ԡǱʽȡȨ


ĵʷ


    йһֱ¼ĪֹĻع⣬ͨռĴý
Ĩڣڸ࣬ģoɱΰһʱ޷ƭһ
ʷջỹԭһУջ֤¼ʲôη粨ʲôζң
Ǻҵѧ˶Ͻ򣬶찲Ź㳡ϾҲ
Ȼûյ飬ģõԮõ֧֣
õӦõȫ϶õ۵ĸ߶ۣʷᣡ

    ɱǣйֳάͳελǵûнĸ￪ţ˳ӦƺƵ
ͨѪѹз£άһרƣץʹ
ٲ߱磬⡣ŸĸﲻſŲȫ˳
ӿ룬йַǵûкú÷ʡƽķϳһרƣøֹ
ΪԼ⣬ΪѩΪһר𣬲ϸĨڣΪͳελ
һαݣרƣʵзΣȨչɣ
ʵƽȣеطκ;ӹһ൳ƣȨƺϵ

    ⲻ֪Ʋɵ綼һרƣⲻ֪ʷݴ۸ģĶ
õƽⲻ֪Ϊά棬𺦹棬棬棬
ؽܵϳ֪ͣˣɳάͳελйֲƽģ
ϳһרƣΪ治Ϸ˲ָй
ƽģָйϳһרƣԭ

    ۶ĸҶԣǱҪģҲǱģʵӦ
ģרƵ谭²ҪһȾҪһĴۡ

    ݹʷ֮·ĹңһǴרݱȫһ
̳֮·ȫһĴۣͬݱ;죬Щǰ
ͨϷ͵ģӢȣЩⲿٳɵģձ
ȣЩͬʱõĽ粨ݿ˵ȣǻڹ״
ݹʻйoڹڰղϷͬʱҪѹϣ
ܾʵ֡

    ȥ֪ʶ磬ͨڣЩΪһȡھ÷չˮƽߵͣ
ȡڹʺȡṹǷεȣǿйҪ
У֮ܲⲻ֪ѾʵĹң߱£
̳Լ֮·

    ɴ˿ɼĸܹʵ뾭÷չˮƽʡṹ˿ڶ
١һ廹ǶĶûжϵҪȡڰյ֪
־Ҳ˵ҵľ÷չˮƽʡṹ˿ڶ١ǵһ
Ƕ壬Ⱦˣνǰۡ÷չˮƽǰ
ۡṹǰ۵ȸָǰۣǷĲ̶ͬ
ĸЧӦ

    ۹̣ܽǰ᣺ǰյ
֪־̶ȣⲿʩѹĴСˣйҪʵ
Ҫ߰յ֪Ҫյ񣬸Ҫյ־
ȡʩѹϵͬʱڰձ벻ķǱҪģǱģ
ģҲǵģ˭Ķͣģ


෢չĶ


    ʷѾ֤ڹչᷱȶ
ʹ峤ʢ˥ʹǿڷӸ
˵ĴǣΪȵoֹ־ֽҪΪ㣻ȴٽ
ҷչִٽȼݲѡΣȲǯۼ硢ɣ
ʵеطΣж൳зȨƺ⣻ǾӣǾ죬ȫһ
˲չյĻռ䣬ԼලЧΨǴӡ෴רƲ
oͳߵ־ͳߵҪΪ㣻谭ҷչΣὡ
뼯ȨϮίΣų켺ǯۼ硢ɣԾ
Ӿ죬ưյĻռ䣬²ԼЧΨҶ

    ˣ෢չĶҲǹҵĻɹĹܣ
ĻʯҲǿ񰲰ĸǿ
Ҳܻìܣܰѻ˼ɺţ˶Ҳȫ
ܣƵᱣϵٽҿѧչҲٽг٣


    ȻƣȴΪֹԽƷ
ʽԶԶӰ죬ר湦ЧԶԶСڸЧӦ
Ӯȫ湲ʶõ֧֣ӶΪֵΪչƣΪʱ
Ѿȫ򣬻ؽ͸ޣ

    ֮ǶԹҶԣǶԣܶ˵ǶԸ˵
ļֵɹļֵͨƶʵֵģƶȵĽͨ
ղǿ

    ĸ￪30ŸĸﲻſŲӿ룬
λƣйյʶҲߣҲձǿ˼
ҲӿǵԱɲһȺڣ֪ʶӣͨˣ
ǾˣǾ죬ʵϣвַȨȻ
йֵoſúɣȻȡѹߣǯۼ
硢ɣͨι磬εͨιƻò
ΪһרͨΰȨΧ˲ͬ˼룬
ɱʹյ֪⵽ʹյ񲻽ίҲ񣬻
ЩɢԼʹ־޷֡

    ˱ַͨʽھԴͨǿյ֪
յ񣬼յԸײյ־ʹ֮ܣҪ
ʹ֮γɺͨ¶ϵᷢѡ糱
һδƲɵϳиרƶȣͨǱʽ
ʩѹʹȫθĸʹֽרʹƳ¢
棬ϳԭ򣬷ֹ¢ϣһרʵ
зΣȨչɣʵƽȣ൳ƣȨƺϵӶ
רƵй֮·ʹйĲΪй
ΪлڷṩȼϣΪйķչṩ

    Դ1688ӢһѾΪƺƵĳ
19802002䣬80ҴӼȨƻȨתΪƣ䲻ʾ
ǿǿ񰲰ĸ񣬷
ȫ򣬻жٹδĲһһרΧЩҵİջ
û츳ȨйΪʲôûĲлΪʲôûרƵ
йΪʲôûвַȨⲻҪ׷2000ķ⽨ר
ƶȣ׷ʯĶͳΣ׷йеΰȨ壬ոҪ׷Լ

    йھú෽涼ܴԶ׿ʶзǷĵԣȻ
ηֱÿɱֱÿֱÿ£ⲢΪĿ⣬Ҳȱ
ǻۣǵС£ûûЭûŽһ£ûͬ
ãûмרƵ

    Թй˾Ƴ缯徫񣬿ʵϲڹڡڹ⣬ȴ
ͬһɢɳѹйԼ˵йĶһ˳棡
ȻѧǶȶԣԽԽͨƶȫʹ֮õƣ
һˣҲǲɵ͹oҪһ㣬ܹרƵķߣ
Ӷĵ·

    Դ˶չһֱûܷڵʿɢͬ
һɢɳûγɺʱջûȡʲôЧȡ
ѵ跨ڣͬŽγɺô˶
ͬתҲ޷ƽйḶ̌


йȡڰղ̶


    񣬶Դ˶˵۰ղҪҲǳɰܵĹؼ
Ϊղ˶ĳ̶ȾйḶ̌ղ˶Ķپй
̵ĳ̣ղ˶Եĸߵ;йٶȵĿû
գûеõ֧֣ûаչ㷺Ĳ룬ǾͲ֮·

    Ȼ˶ҪʽҪսսҪҵ
飬Ҫݹ⣬͹Ҫ󣬸ʷչɣʺйģ
ʽҪѪԣҪƾԣ˱ԿйĻãԼ
й棬ȷʶйҪӰ죬Ҫйʵ
ǽ಻øĴۣ˷಻˷ѵʱ䣬಻ôϵĳɱ

    йֳάͳβԶ쵼λoҪйմͷ𣬴Լ
𣬴𣬻Ͷ˶ηǿȨǿγɺɲ
һµ˶飬ϳһ˽һ˵һƬһƬᷢѣ۳һν
һε糱ϳиƶȣһʹй
ͨȫθĸϳԭ򣬷ֹ¢ϣһר
ʵзΣȨչɡԶ൳ΪŦԷȨƺΪ࣬Եط
κ;ӹһΪǰᣬھ÷Թ˽ΪԹоΪ˽
оΪԾþΪý飬гΪŦԵطκ;ӹһΪǰᣬ
ͨ൳ЭЧֽƽϵӶȷͨѡٲ
ȨȷȨתȷҿѧչȷг٣ȷ
Ҫһ㣬ƶйĲȡڷ
ǻۣҪȡ۰ռŽĳ̶ȡ

    ȷе˵ҪƶйĲȡǻۣȡ
ڰ򵱾ʩѹĴСʩѹԽĽŲԽ죬ʩѹԽСĽŲҲ
Խؽй̵Ŀȡڰղ˶ĳ̶ȣй
̵ĳ̣ȡڰղĶ٣йɱСȡڰղ˶
Եĸߵ͡

    Ѿ300ˣҲ300ˣҿ
йʲôζûζ˵ɱ˵Īĳ裡й
ļңййղַȨ뻹ҪԼȡ
ָй쵼ԾרoָԼרᱮ

    Ӣ1688֮·ӢЭ50̳
ģ1781֮·ͨս5
սģ1789֮·Ƿͬͬ£Ŭ
ġ

    Ϊʲô13йգͲһרͨ¶ϵ
ᷢѡ糱һ˸߹һ˵׳ԭ
һרƶȣճй֮·

    ΪƽģշϳרƣΪ˼ӿйḶ̌Ϊ˽й
ĳɱΪ˼йʹ13йҪͷ𣬴Լ𣬴
ҪͶ˶ηǿȨǿγɺɲһµ˶飬
Ƶͼ׸ıԼˡ

