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    лʯڣѸͱƪ30ǰġɡĳ
档Ϊձ߸õ˽ƪ£ҾбҪҶ˼д
Լƪ·ǰһܡ


1˼


    Ļڼ俪ʼ˼ġγ˼У
ҪһҶϲпǿҷ־壬һҶ˵
֪ʶĳֻɾ

    ĸﱬһꡪ1966꣬ĴʡɶϸУոս˱ҵԡΪ
ëʱɳһ꣬ǴСͱٷʶ̬˼뼸һ
֪ĸڣҲŸԼԸͶ˶ʱң
Ϊӵۣӵƶȵģ˶Щǡǡ˼
˼족ʵȺĵΪϻͬģ
Ⱥļ˲пȴܲΪȺʩӵĶ󣬾
ڷĳֲֲͬп͸˽ܡԼҲΪ
Ĳֹͬһε⵽Уʹҳе־壬ͬʱǿҵϣ
ܰѿ־塣ҷֱ֣֮׳ʵȺΪǼΨ
ǲ˾ȷĿ͹ͺڽ˼׷֪ʶʱ̬Ⱥ
̬ȹ˼ĳͻͬʱһ֣ССȨʵ
Ȥֻڰ˵ڶȺĿ־ͷ
УҿʼרȨıҪͱıҪǾγɵĸ


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    ʶһʹҸеʮʹ࣬ʮ־룬ʱ
ĹһɵΨһ£ҲĬĬмǰ
һУȴгһƶȿ̨ǳִɶٰԼдµֹ
ȫͬȫ֪ǳصĻޱʹʵǣ룬ѵ
Ǿֻһڰʵļ¼ѵǾֻܵȴűǡȴŴ
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2սʤȨƶȵͻƿ


    Դγ˶ԹȨƶȵʶ֮ҿ˼ǣս
ʤȨ壿ҲƶβơһҵһͻƿڡҸԼµ
ĿǣһҪƶսһҪƤ¹սһҪ
һƽݣκȨơһҪͬʱֲԵԼ

    ΪѰһͻƿڣҿǹܶ⣬練Ը˳⣬˵
⣬½׼⣬ȵȡ϶Ҫ⡣ΪȨͳ
ǽȫؿ˼ޱǿģܹطԭ
¶ԼΪһ档һʧȥ˶˼۵ĿƣȨͳξɥʧȫ
ڹȥȨͳܹ֮ȫؿ˼룬Ϊܶ˱Ͳ
ɣǲɵ塣ڶԹٷʶ̬ĿţǶΰ
Ŀţܶ˶زμӹԲͬߵȺȨͳǵ
ȶġҲָȨͳ߻Զת䣬ǿָ߳
ȡȾǶԭȡɵĵһϾȥֱ
й쵼ˣزԭ

    ҿԭ¼ô1ɵԭǼ򵥵ģ
гʶ߾Ϳȷᡣ2ԭһزĺʮ
ġʮȷģרǺ3ΪȨͳҲ޷ܾɵ
ԭʹɵϲòơƣұȻڽڰˡ
4ԭм˵ױܡ5ؼԭ
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嶷УӶγһǿĶº͵ѹƶǵ



3ҳһֺʵı֤ʽ


    ȷĿ֮󣬽ǣβ֤ʹеظ
˵ɵ˼룬˵̫ѣôѵǣҵ
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ܹϴԶ൱ƫ˵˼Ͷ
Ǽϡʲ׼ñӶᡣҿֱõ
˼ԴǷǳϡٵġʶȻǸ⣬Ҫڵй龳
⣬ұҪһµʽ

    Ϊʹµйͽԭҵ˴˼
Ļë󶫵Ļܼ򵥣ΪԵר˼ë˼Ϊŵ
רƣҪĶ֣ǰ˼ë˼뵱ݵй֣
Ҫ˵ĶЩ˼ë˼ΪйڣˣҲܴһ
ʼȥСȥ˼ë˼롣ұ뾡ҳ˼ë󶫽֧
ɵĻһΪ˱Լõ޷ҿϡҲ
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ִҾʹﲻ˵ǵĿˡ

    Ȼʶ˼ë󶫵ĻǺܲġΪȨ
ݣοɵϣ˼رë󶫣ǺõȨұ
ԣǵĹͬ飬Ļľ顣

    ǰ˶ȣĻص㣺һĸУΪ
˼͹۵⵽е˸ࡣмйԭȵУҲдĹɲ
֪ʶӺѧҲͨĹũ񣻼췴ɣҲбɡʹԽ
Խ˶е־塣ڶĸУ˺üδķ
㣬ңͬһֹ۵㣬챻˵ǡȷ·ߡֱ˵ǡ
·ߡ1971913գֱ¼Ƿ֣ëϯָ
ĽӰ˾ȻҪıɱëˣ˵ëҲ֪ë
Ҳǻ᷸ġǣһ˿ʼ˶ʶ̬ĿȺͶëţǲ
˭ǾĻ˼ʼӡ㹲ͬ飬Ϊǽ
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    Ҫ˵ǣҲǴӳȻۻȨ۳ȥɵġΪ
ȱȻһĻͳëʱʶ̬¢ʹ޷ֱӴ
һԴ˵յʱٷۣȻۻȨ۶ϡʲ׼
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úܶڸ⣬ѽܡֻܴԼľȥɵĵ
ҵ˹ѧ˿ʷJudith N.Sklarдһƪ¡־
塱The Liberalism of Fearҷ֣ϵ˼·ʷ
Ĺ۵㵹Щıϡʷʽǿ־塣岻ͬڻ
ȻȨˣJohn Lockeʽ壬ҲͬڻҷչܶJohn 
Stuart Millʽ塣ʷȺĿ־壬ɴԸ
ȨıͶȨƵļᶨ岻ĳζѧĸ
츳ȨҲĳֹ㷺ĵۣ繦ۣ
ſݣ֧ʶۻǻۡ

    19757£ˡɡĵһ壬ǿҲ㷺;
ʱѾ5꣨19691973ũӵ֪ص˳ɶСɶش
ϸأԶ籱ݻԾ197618գܶȥڱһ
ЩУɶ˴ģԷԵȺڵ˽赿֮
˶Ļڶë˵ǿҲҲμ˳ɶĵ44ա
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ϣҵĹɵšǣ˶ܿ⵽ѹⳡ˶
Һܴ衣ţë󶫵Ĳһΰʷת۾ͻᵽ


4ʱõʱ


    ҵĹƣйëȥҲᷢһŷ˹ȥ
ı仯Ͷŷ˹ȥµ쵼з˹ֻ˹
ʱڵĳЩ˴ʩƽ˹ʱۻµĴԩٴſ۳߶ȡ
ڼ䣬ں䶼һɻ˼һ׶β̫µ쵼ž
󣬻¼ǿĿƣǼǿ˼۵Ŀơǣҵ
θĸͣ͡ʱ˼ǣһйҲƱ仯Щʲô
ܲøãΪӦøЧ˼۱ȽϿŵʱڣ
ԭŬԭΪһձĹʶΪӮһƬ
Ļأֹͳ¿˼룬ӶΪɻ˳չͨ

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ţεй쵼˻С˰һ12£ڳɶί
ĉһƪɵĴֱǡɡĵڶ壩ƪ
ֱûиҴʲô鷳źҲûʲô졣1977꣬д
ɡĵ壬ԼдӡɼʮСӣϣܰ
ѴɢδܳС

    1978ҿ˱ѧѧϵо࣬˴ĸ12Ķ
10£ҽ뱱ѧһףˡͨͬѧĽܣ
һΪ俯Ȼץʱˡɡĸд
ĸǰƪö֣࣬ǰ嶼ֻмǧ֣19793
4³ƪԡؿʽϡ

    Ҷƪɡ¿ܲӰ챧ܴΪйһ
ǧѷʷʱʱ̣ȫء׼ȷء͸زԭ
һ⣬׽ܡܿһֵȨҲЩ
ϲĵȨߣڵʱҲùԡϣƪʹ
Щ׷˶ʶǹĴɵʱǶѲ
ɷڵһλǾͿʹΪ۵ȵ㻰⡣һԭ
ģƾͻܲһˡʷϵĳЩʱ̣˼ԷӾ޴
ñȷˮϵһʯͷԾע̫ƽע

    Ӧ˵ɡƪ»һķ죬ٶƪµˣ
һЩѺһЩڸ߲֪ʶӶƪºܳޡңԭȹ
Ҳûĸй쵼˶ƪ±ʾԡʱЩй쵼ڲ
Ѿ˶еĳЩںź¿ϡ塱ñӣһץһЩˣ
ǶûᵽƪɡȻźǣƪķ
ԶԶҵԤڡ˻̫ˡûܳΪʱ۵
㡣Ҹеһʷʧȥ

    ҷɡͬʱ19793µףκֱСƽ
ΪµĶߡ䶯֪ʶΪƪֱǣΪڵ
ʱҪӦ÷ԵԻΪķɣͻҪõСƽһɵ
ʱ˰ìͷһӾָСƽĲģƪֱй
ѹв档κ1016տͥ
УκɵԭΪԼ绤ⳡǹŽеġ˰κ
ڷͥϵı绤͵͵¼ѣȻ֣ӡɴϽ
ɢǸոɢͱûգҿѺɢˡƪԱδ
ҶƪԱʣ˵κдµСƽ֮ǰ
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Խ࣬ͳҪԽѣҪĴ۾Խ󣻶ɵԽ٣ͳ
ҪԽףҪĴ۾ԽСˣõĲȽԭ

    1979죬ڡϷһƪйص£Ŀǡ
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ҪȡѹҪĳĳɡЩܲϲ
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صǣ¢еĳý壬ԶΪкʵº
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ĻᡣѴͳר۵ĿƱӤͶ̥ôרƶ۵Ŀ
ƾͺñӤͶ̥֮⣬ϱС

    俯ڣͻ۵Ԥǰǵ
Լӡ棬ͨԱ顣ƩҵġɡʱĹٷ
ǲᷢģ俯ϷˣȴҲȡޣֻ䴫
Ϊ俯Ҫ壬߶ǳϣܰȥ
ʱйһЩȽϿĹԱҲǳϣʹ俯Ϸʵϣƪ
ͬʿ£һλĹԱдģ俯Ӵ
ҵġɡǳ͡

    ҵ֪ڵʱйڲȷʵһЩƶƶµĳ淨
鿯ṩһķݡСƽƵǲǣȵ1981ȷʾܾ
ǣȥǹù񵳵ĳ淨͹ϷڣǾ
ҲĶϷ

    ˶һࡣ1980йһڲļҪ俯ͣ졣
ѹǲòʹҸʹеظеʧȥһôĻᡣ


5ѡĳɹĴ


    1980°꣬й½չֱѡ١Դ1949й
ѡٶɹٷһְ죬ɹٷѡˣɹٷܺѡ˵
Ȼѡٸѡ١1980ȫ˴ͨµѡٷµѡٷѡ
ƼѡˣҲԼƼԼѡٹУѡ˿Լʹ
ѡٳΪܡһЩҪڴѧһѡˣһչ
˾ѡҺͼ˶ٴξۼһǶΪһµĻᡣ
ǿͨμѡٻǵҴҵġɡһ
Ƴȥ

    Ұѡɡһ˽ϴĲ䣬˴Լ֡ӵҪ
㡣1һǽרƵͻƿڣȡӦɷڵ
һλ2˾÷չĸӹϵʱһںţûû
ΪһģûҲʵִ÷չһڱȻٽ
ʱǿרơʱĵǣййֻоøĸ
θĸĵ·þ÷չ˶

    ѧѡٴ11¿ʼûдԼѡұֻ׼Ϊ
ϵıѧҲĲѡԸҵġɡΪ
ľѡļ֮һ־ֻԼܰԼŲø
˵ѧѡϯλ˶пܱѡϴҾԼѡ
ѧйõĴѧ1919˶ɱѧѧġ
ڱѧѡȡʤʹɵŵõѧѧͬ彫ǲ
ѰģӰ콫Զġ

    ҵġѡԡڡѡԡǿȨ߶ȼей
ѡٱСֻҪԸ⣬ǿԸⳡѡٸḻ
ݡɫʺ͸Զ塣ԳΪһѵһʽ⿼飬
һһĹ̳һΰĹٿˡһԼƶʷǰ
ûᡣǱһʼץסĸһǾѡʽһ
ɣۣȫˡ

    ԺüϵļʮͬѧΪѡǰƪ6ֵġɡ
ĳɴֱډϣӡ200СӣȫУÿһ෢ݡҵľѡ
˵ϣֻ800λıѧ칫¥ü1600ˣϯ̨Ҳ
ˣֻ²һƽ׵Ŀռ䡣ҵľѡȡ˺ܴĳɹ
ƱѡΪкѧѧѡ

    ɡһʱûеõ㹻ע⣬ҸеǳźΣ
ھѡƪµõҵֺ֧ʹȻҸеοҲ
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    ѧѡйϲ𶯡ʱйϲѾ¼ǿ˼۵
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ԤȹƵҲ޷ضҴѹ˵ʱйʶ
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ͨ˶ʿĴ磬ֱ1983죬ҲŻһʽڱ༭
һҵĴתתѧԺѧо


6θĸ۵˾


    1986йθĸŻ⡣人һ־̳ȫĿ
ҵġɡ̳־ı༭һѧߣڼǰ˽⵽
ѧľѡƪ¡ţڱ֯һϡС
40λѧ߲μӵĹڡɡ̸ᡣ߶ƪ¸˷ǳߵۡ
һ꣬һϯ˶δССθĸۻᣬڱ人ɶ20ѧ
˹ɵĽݡ

    1986°꣬йηΧԵúܿɡҳ桶ɡ
бҲܡԤеֿɲ־ã˶дŸ
ߴǿ档ϧ緽ƵĹƹֹۣûмӿٶȡ
19871£й𡰷ʲ׼ɻ˶תΪϾҵȫ
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人ġ̳־Ҳͣұ˵ûʲô鷳ֻǾã
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ԥŵȥȥǾȥ19871£˲ʿ٣Bostonڽ
ѧϰͬʱҲμһЩһЩ¡19881£Ҳμ˺
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    1989괺й˿ǰģ˶ɡⳡ˶Ҫ
֮һûɱйٻӮɡϧǣҵ
˾ʧˡŷȹһרйһʮ
ʷ׶Ρ


7ĺйж


    ĺ20ϣйأӱϿй
۵ĿƱǰɡΪԭ漸

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ҪĿںš¼ձķ߿ȫ£֪жƿڴ
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ʱ壬ָ˽ƣԼԼԭ塢ۡ
Ϊɫɫ˼ṩ˹ĻᡣڵйڿʱҪǿ
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ٽɣ˵ȡ޾ȡޣ˵ɱͷɱ˵ץ˾ץˣķɳ򶼲
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ȥҪɣʵȻġ


8µɵ


    2009128գй303λʿҡѧߡʦߡˡũ
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Ա˽̸ʾȰ裻һǩߣֵİ취ɾ̸в
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2009127ͱץߣδŻءȻһжǰ
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9йøĸ


    ͺܶȵڴ෴йøĸ;÷չûай֮
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ǱҪĺȷġһֻйȡѸٵķչǳߵ͹
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壬ȫĹԼ˽Ը٣Ըĸ
ߡ෴Ļ£ͬһ50ʱȫˡɵĲƸ
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һλɽũᵽСƽġһȸ仰ʱ˵1949ǰ
ǴһũѾһȸˡ֪ˣαص
ɳһλ¸ڹ˳ºĲͣblogдƻЧʺܵͣӦøĸġҪ
ĸҪۣǣƻòǹ˷ģǹġƾʲô
ǹۣȴҪǹ˸ۣƾʲôǳͱʱң
˾ͱ;ʧҵأ

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˽죬ǾͲʧȥȨ¢ϣһܿ
ᱻԾøܵϷͥԣй
Ҳζţڽйȡѣ빲ͳ
ŵìܸӼ

    δйֿԣ1Σйѹʧ飬ֱѹ
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ҲϾȡĳЧ2йЧؿᣬʱ
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ƽɼвȻֿܵǰǣһǰ
ġ


10йҲĵ


    Ϊڽһʮ꣬йⶼҪ⡣ϣи
й⣬йɣй̡ΪйǸ
й˿ռ˿ڵ֮һΪǴȫ򻯵ʱССĵ塣
ǵǻཻ֯Ӱġйⲻֻй⡣йҲ
⡣


    2009414ŦԼ

    ϵƽйģһԣ20095ձ
ĳ棬ʯڣѸ

