14.й˷֮ش̲

ڡʷƾòǸһУ˹Ӧִѣͺȴչʤԭ򣬲ⲢԳݽͺйڷ¶飬Ժǧءԭйǧںڰл˼ٲĴصĿǶ˼йһкƻй̬Դ

޺Ϊȳʳ˴ͳ

йԺټңִ˵˵ǳĸ˼ƣмȨͳΡȫ˵˼붨һѾ㣬ǣǶһΨ塢ʽ塢Աӡײ𡢳ʵͷڽ̾ΪԶʷֳТΪĿĽйʱīңйͬӣĻӳԺʼҵġТ޺Ϊ󡹵ָֳΪĵһҪ񣬸ǣ޺󡹽ָСŮԡΪˡк󡹣ӣټйԹСͥ壬䡸ϡйǧʷֻĺսɵ˿ɱҲ޷й˿ڣԺĻشҲ˿ڹʣҪϽӶռȻԴȥ룬ǰҲй󱬷츣ŷһ츣йʶ˼ľ˷ֳźй˿ڵĳɼ˾ͻữΪС

й˿ѹ¶Իԭ̬ݲУƺˮʧأȷ˻ƺһƶйѧ˹⵩ڰʮǰ˵ĻƸã

йࡸӸԡԵֻĵķѡӰ죻й֮ԳΪֻĵĹҡΪĺĺ־ֲΪɥľΪĩ.....ֹдģ˶

˹⵩šĳ·¼춡˹⵩ļ3ᡵ

ǣй˵ƷѾӵزŤתķľɵĺд˹⵩İʮйɭָٴԭ40-50%½ڵĲ20%ȥĿȫ顷ʹġձϿѰһ³˶ٴΡŽֹٿĿȫ顷гֶٴֻСʳӶʳŮʳʳĸʳӷʳֵʳļؾйһôε

ѻƬս̫

1920֮Ҳй˶̬ķݲие𾪡1859ֻй50йһɳϿӢμ(Archibald J.Little1838-1908)˵

йԶͳһ֮ش̲

ҵ̸ɭ(Lynwood Garrison1862-1951)1901׫ָйķʱ˵

йһʵʵ壬ȻʶɭĻֺôʵ

֪ѧϣ(Baron von Richthofen1833-1905)˵ּʾɽȱʡݹʱٷĵö࣬˥ԭ򡸳֮⣬ɵ񻯡1920йֶ(Walter H.Mallory1892-1980)1926ġй֮(China:Land of Famine)˵

йǰķΪκҪóס⿳Ϊ亦˽յΣʹйشսǬʹнϷ֮ҲͬԭԽԽϸǵ

ҪĪϾѧɭϵν̵ѧ޵(Walter Clay Lowdemilk1888-1974)19201945ŷ˵ĳͻȻ򵽻ƺˮˮеĻ󣬾ʸ־ҪҳЩԴͷڶž3ʱɽ꼾ʵؿ죬ȷҳЩذũ£ڵطһЩ춹Ԫǰ2͵ĹˮҲͬоʾΧܵɭ֣ţɽԭòĻʯоҲһӡ֤Щë֮عȥΪɭǡ

ǣйˮʧô棬Ҳ֪Ȼѧʷѧ޹𻷽ڷΪѻƬսǰڻܴܵơ޹š20ϰҶѧ߶йˮҵĴٽⲻǡʹ޺ʹˡĴۣôй̬ۣѻƬս̫ˡйʵûС󡹵

ָй̬

ƺй˴ݻ˻ԭ̬Ҫƽڣ˵Ĺ͡һǶԼ꣬ѹʷѧ̷̩(1911-1992)оΪʱڴūǼȽפ˻ƺһרţҵôʱ춺˲ϷõƻˮʧӶƺӰꡣ˵жΪбҪԭ򣬾Ǻûк춺ᣬΪ˺ƻľ˼뼫ТäТѹڽ˼룬ĴᡴǱᡵپʿ롸˺һγ֮ѧ֮Ӵʧء̬֮ƻ֮ģֱǾءҺᴫͳйľĴݲ̫ƣҪǿ赭дǲš1972ڳɳѳ܍֮(׷)Ĺ餣ķԭľףҶľǿһֶľͷĴľЩǾ֪ġһЩоԱ̾Ӣõľȥձȥ㽨ȥҾߡƷйȴȥײġһֽľ㣬Է˹õľ㹻ƳʮֽһֽҪʮͨĴƣ͵һǧٶôˣ˵·֣Ҳ˴޷أӶʹũ淢

ȻũҵרָйǷƽˮϡ٣ƫͣũҲӦũУȴӲˣһ浹ķչƻ̬ũҵݷ𲻹᳹ũ͡ΥѵԲй1940Űãָ¶15-25ȵȸߺչ͸Ϊȵȡ˹涨˺Ҳ֮

˵ӺǬ¡ȫ֮ǣ׼֮ʱҲͬʱй̬رǻƺˮ޻й߶ϵ͵ĵƣסߵصˮƺӱسɴ󻼡ǸԭشΪסֱˮƺӵػ񡣵йȴϾɱ漴䡸ũĽǿǵشͼйֻţԽԽãֻکǬ¡ġʮȫ书ɴ˶ɵ̬ƻжй˻أʹף˭أʷŽ(Peter Perdue1949-)šйǼǡChina Marches West : The Qing Conquest Of Central Eurasiaа׼֮

һ屻Ӵũҵ۹ͳΣԭ٣ʷһΰƪҲɽˣ

ıġ۲

й˶ҵĿܣҲԴ춹ڴ¼֮ıġҶԴȻҲΡ˵ɫҵƷҲͳͳҪ˹⵩(1899-1967)䡴һʷϴ塵һ˺˵Ϊһ̬:

ԳΪġùдΡڽϾҪˣеĽ࣬еĽȮ࣬ңNеĽ࣬еĽ࣬Ǽɵȵ.....

ͬйҲáġġĽзЩôףȴԴй𾭹żġ֧ǡĪʹޡ

֮֡ǺԼľש޽ﳤǣȷչũҵķľйɳĮëƤƷһֱϺļ尾ҪĸľȡůҪѸֲЧѷëƤ޻չʳƷչҵйսӦú¡²٣꣬ȥң()Բ׷֮ͨࡷ

ˣҲֻһʱǲʤЩΪǧ˴²Ұ·ʡƺˮԺ˱ֹ̬ȣһֱ1920ʦյ(Oliver JuIian Todd1880-1974)ִ֪ʶܶʮܵơ

ԭ20062¡־

