26.ΪôйӲӢ

ڹȥںӣˣаŹߡרҵʿʿ˵ȵȵһƽҵһǣڱйջ֮кת䡣˹ٴΣҲش˹ٴΡÿҶ˵η棬ķֱǣߺйԶǰӢӳʵ

εɷݣĩθ۶ͨͶƱȨ۴һ֮⣬ǰչԶʱ۶ڵ׶ӹʱӢʱйһְ죬һƽǾȨġ

Ӣӳʵö

ȻӢӸйͬǰѡ۶׵ȨʵʴַȴԨ֮ӢӴ̹ױ۶ίεģйȴһʼͶ˾˵ƳһѡٴȻȫѡģ˵Ӣ˹һٶҲû飬Ӷ˵춵ˡй˵ҪԴѡ̨ʾá

ѶķѡٵԴ춾ȼ۵ˣۼǧһݵ񶼿ɵðˡй˵ԴΪŪٶ̣

½й̹ö֮⣬ӢӾܾ֮һйձɽӢֻħͷӢڳֳʱĹйҪ󡢼εķѡƶȺͶƱ෴йǷκҡй֮Уᷴѡ׺صĹңй֮⣬ܻеڶˣڿϣйӲʱйӢȨġмˣǰйӱȥӢӾʵڿɶöࡣ

йΪùΪھߺͿѡ۵쵼ˣǸ˸800˵ѡίԱᣬȫ۵׹м̽һ򾡡800е߳ΪԼռ˿ڰٷ֮ĵĹѡƾٳѡٵĴʼ˾Է˹ͳųī(Benito Mussolini1883-1945)ѡƶȿȷѡأ춲ٿء۾ȻģͶƱüġȫǷ(Block Vote)ȫǷڽȫѡй峯ʼʹãĿǰйĵط˴ѡ١ҲáȫǷһнʾ֭ľܰţΪȷƾٳѡί߱־öȶĿѱԺͿԣΪйյ㡹ѡǸƤͼ¡ԣɫǣѡ١Ľ춡ѡ١֮ǰҵԸߵʾڣа룬νѡ١ֻһº󲹳й¡ⲻѡ٣ֻѡ񣬶ǵѡ񡣵Ϊ⡸ѡ񡹿ҵѡ٣۾ַѾ˼ġҵѡƩѡٰ칫ҡƸѡְԱƸùع˾ѡٳѡţҪƱϴ¥ɴѡٱ۵ȵȣ֮װģа߸߹ģ飬ΪΡ

ٵҲйӣۻ˸йӱϾǳͬһĻ۴ý(رĵ)Ҳ١дý߶ڿһʵ˵ѡ١ǡѡ١ûٸѡٵġѡ١ּӸšۣӢﴫý˾ͳʵö࣬Τ(Stephen Vines)һֱָǳѡ(phoney election)˱(The Australian)Ҳָǡɱ߻ļѡ١(a phoney election campaign orchestrated by Beijing)̳Donald Greenlees˵ǡݵѡ١(rigged election)ʱжTom Mitchell̩ʿѧˡÿί(appointment)ί(reappointment)ۣΪĴǰʢʱõġȡٻίΡ(campaign for reappoint-ment)

ٵȶ֮ߣժŻѪҵ˸ѡٵɣ˳ѡʽȥԭһСȦѡ٣Ŭǿ϶ġ(ǿһʵѡս22ۡ)ÿʽۣ޷õġġ

ȰˣֻҪ˱ǡ֮ơѵ˵ѧʿΪˣطţǿٱʡ.....ôҪȴɲáǵһΡԷԵġԵģԷǲеġִ˵ëǰѵĵԣ·ǳׯأΪǳĬ.....ԺѧҪŪīˣԤΪļˣֻһǴһɷ˵ԼеĻҪȡ.....

ѡ

Ϊ棬ʱҲҪܡܲףҿԽԽѣҪΪһ㶼Ҫ൱Ϸͻ̫٣ʧյߵݡ൱ȻûжȤҳ󻯣ӳĳӵĳ֮šԣºҪЩԸܵʹشͣҲãƬҲãЩʹﱾǮˣҪĿ֮ϷʱҪֵúܼҪڸͶ룬ȷһԴͱܴҪ䷢Ͼ֮࣬Ҫ޵̻֮⣬߻ҪһҪҪо˵ЦҪһ뵽֮Ļĵ͹Цغ«յ㹤Σӡ

ȻʱҪܣҲлֹܣرǽ֡ƶ˼ߵҪ(ν)μ߱ȡһٸѡίɳΪ׺ѡ˻ˡҲ˵಻ܶ߸κ(˵Ȼֻйյ)ȡ߰һҲȷԶѡȡѡ٣ȷ˿Խ֡Ϊȷѡίж㣬ܱӭܣΣñȷ˭˿ԳΪѡˣҲѡίжһδ󰮵

йҽܣȡ㹻ΪˣҽܲȫûвȨΪѵõǣɵˣϿǲģȨԾ͸˵аɣҲĳЩ˵ҽ֪ʤϣѡйԵףΪȨ̧ζҸҿ϶º󱱾ҽܣܻ쳣ҽܸжӯ춽ޣرȱ£ҪɽӻԾμ꡸ѡġѡ١Լǿ׵ԡѹֻع飬ǡҡǡļ㡹

ʹѡҲʤȯ

ĻϴԵԭйǾɳ塣ԼǻȡãСõĶȡõġǰ۶Ľ(Mark Aitchison Young1886-1974)ڶδսڵʱӢ£´ѯˣȻܶʧܣصµǿӲԳɹһҪ˸ŮŽţ춴ʩºͣͲ֮ԸѹǿŮҪŽţҪ裬й˲ֲԸľͷһʿ緶ѯйҪҪǲȤģʡԵ𣿡ڿǻڵй˶Գĵˣǲ˽ûǵĳԷ󼢻ǴйϵġѺöйԼѡ񣬿϶һ궼ûнõĶǷһҪַɴУرǵ㿴й˻˹Լʷǰʽ̬ʱҲҡŷĻǵĻʵ1000ǰԸѹֶǿģǲҲòӺʿʹҲҪˡؽ̹ͻǵĸŮȨΪؽ֮ףΪڷܽĽֵͳŰ(Habib Bourguiba1903-2000)ԸѹֶΣϳصһơϷͰѸŮͽN17ȵȡ

һҲƵĺôΪϯķ̩ǺȸӢˮĸӢӥȮٽȴͻȻһΪȷ棬ȫѹȨչ꺷䱻Ϊ۽ࡹ಻Ϊܣʳ֮ģκҶҪݼɽ֣ۣȻԽԽߣΪϯ꣬Ϊ𾪵ǣȻȷǿʾһ֦㣬Ⱦһɡ޳ܵ(survival of the meanest)ҲǹżȻΪͷʮܻӭֱѡԱҲһһԷΪְ־޳͡Ҳʼ춽죬³ѸڰʮǰѾйˣ

ԼˣǾкõģõ߷׵ҲкԱģڳԱ˵ջߣز٣׸ƣ˽Ĺ˵ôԱʵȷǹĴǼͨѶ1926꡵

ԣѡʤȯյģǲģҪʦڸѡٴ㡣ʹһЩѿ˶кøУҲ춳ҵƱһ⣬ййӺ͸۾乫˽𣬶ӣرǾ޽ڷ籩ʮƽȥ֮˸ӽ԰ӰϧԭҲǱȻūŴ

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