7.йŰɱǿֻ

ʱйϯףվٴεѡ˹ͳվ̨йɷָһݣκʽֳ̨ƶ˹ᶨ֧йάȨԭơйȻȻռйƽ(δɵһʮƽ)ԹʥĶ˹ֶйͬҲɼʳޱ׷֮Ҳͬʱй֮µĸ߷塣

йһֹ壬ͬʱֿвǽ˳ʶ̬ҡй弰˲ȴָòײ࣬һԾ֮ջ۰ţԡԹ֮ҹ̨壬ȴֶԶ˹ڱ̨ʮйŲʡһžž˹ǩˡл񹲺͹Ͷ˹ж߶ε鶨顷˴лйܾϵжƽԼҲǷ׷ֶ˹ƽйȨȴԣͳһ̨塣ۡԹڵйһűӶᡢսйͼ̨š̨Ŀҳ(ֵ)ƴˮ˫(˹)Ԫһ꽨˫ǡʷܣȲ¼й塹͡󡹣³˳֮Ϊƨƪ֮⣬Ҳʵ޻˵

й춽԰ƽʥʷΪֵô飬оġ˶SCMPaine1957-ĴImperial RivalsChinla,Russia,and Their Disputed Frontier:жı߽סǶѹ֮йо̩³Lucian W Pye1921-ΪȷȻͬ졹(truly exceptional)ѧƷһžBarbara Jelavich齱ǹȨ˶Thomas PaineǩRoberl Treat Paine֮˶ʿ춹ѧ춸ױǴѧожʷȡòʿѧλǰһžĲʿζɡ˶ʿһˣΪ˵ķҲΪСһŰ˰һŰ˾Ī˹Ƶ⽻ߵҹ£ܱ鱱ĵһʷݡ̨оԺʷоձ⽻⽻ʷϹݡиױǴѧBakhmeteffҡ

йԱԹ֪һͿ

˶ʿ鼸񻰡һǾжԾţ֮ԼйؽϵĵһȨӵߣйؽڴ֮ǰΪκӵУʵǣейؽȷйǶԭж֮ǰ;춵أȫһĻˡ˶ʿֱָʮȻδйؽûһٵʮĩʮͳõ·ɺд˵ֲйҲйؽ˶ʿ֣йһֱƺɹйУӡʼĩ׿ɼһ꣬峯ԱȵҪͶ鶨̸߽еصʱźȻϤɹŵĿסСڼָϾʮĩɹŻֻǹԺܵйֳضѣйԱ֪ҲǿԱġ

˶ʿ˵йֱʮͲſʼĵͼѧһ˰ǰй̸йԱƵйʶǺͿġԱԼļ޵ķΧ֪𾪣춺һԱĵطһ֪ｭҲ֪٣̷ʵ㻨ŪһλáΪй̸дõйͼ֪νܾãԼҲûй߽׼ȷͼ˲岻³й֮Σթռ˼ƽйӵе

жһս-----½йҲһһɵĵطйۡ˶ʿĦOwen Lattimorel900-1989Լ1923-2005ѧߵоʾǧйЧ½İٶ꣬ٵǬ¡ʵ۲Žһٶ׼𣬲״ν֮սйͼ¶ǵظĳ֮Ϊ½ҲǡռĽ֮⡣ˣ½ȻйԹˣйȴûΪ½ǡԹ

֤ΰ

ָ˵йʧıȻˣҲ֮֮ѣԩͷڣǾǡǡж̰ᣬֱҰľް֮塣߽һֵ˼Ĺ۵㣬۹֮ǵһԭ۹ľñѷƿɳ£ҲڽڰˣȻΪǵ۹˫˫Բ֤Ȼΰ֮·Ϊѱƾ塣˵йһ廳һ¹ȥĻϵĹ£ȷʵΩпȻ˵ԼȻҽ¡ΪӴıԶйķչǸۣǶ÷չйѵһԭ򣬵йԼʶҲϣȥȥƬʵø

һҪǶڿϵжѺ˵ȻڹһٱʾйѣйбǿѺùϵߴӶĵ֣˽¶й̬ȫһ¡Ʃ⽻(1839-1890)һ˰Ϊ⵽棬ǳͷʹ⽻߼Aleksandr Genrikhovich Zhomini(1814-1888)ȥ̸еⳤGirs(1820-1895)˵ЩйˣȭǲὲģҵóĿǰĲѡºGirs˵ǹ˶סǵʺǲͷ.....˵ָЩй˵غ꣬ѡһţZhominiйβԳ(Barbary ape)˵ڰ˹¼еı֣һȷжѺ˵ֻ񻰡ȷǰ˹Ωһһ˻ռйǿ-----ռ춫ȫҲֻжɱǧƵйƽ

屻Ű

ΪΪ̵ǣйһ治ϱǿйʵǣйСʱֶÿÿйǿײеöࡣǬ¡ʵΪ˽½׼׼ʵǽνϴݹƵʱ˳ɵ׼˱ɱǬ¡º󲻵òֳ˻򺺻յ׼й巴йͳΣݻ̴ʿMarshaIl Broomhall(1866-1937)ͳƣڸһأ˿ھһǧɱһ򣬵֮ǻһŰ˰ġй˿ʷʾ˿һһǧʮһٰʮơ.....һ굽һ(˿)ÿƽݼʮͬξ(1870)սңƼ򡣡ʮͶѧAleksei MPozdneev(1851-1920)оʮҶй壬еĴǧ֮ڡойʷרMichael DillonڣҲΪ߾ͬ峯йʵʩɱ(carnage)˲ο˵Marshall BroomhallоҲˡնƽ¸½ط˷ԡ(ڰʮ)ɱĽ(1812-1885)ͬλʵ۱ɱɼ

˶ʿ˵йƲ˵ķŰɱɼй˵νӹ֮һ񻰡ߵһ۵㲻ıϣ˶ʿܹ͸йΪεԣǳѵá

˶ʿʹ£йһֱûзʡŰɱĵ۹оֻǳ춱ǿ߽ܺɫԼմѪϴһǬԼԶܺˡȨ󣬸干ط۷ֳļ꣺---------------ԡйưԣšĳֳӵءֻϾĻҡ-----ƺһѡйĺ˾ܱ˼ϧ׷峯бĺȨ-----Ӷа춿23꼴Ԫ1684̨塵йĺȴյȫյġԭȫǸӻʳԭصĽ硣

˵ѧ̷߳˼ŷ޵۹йѻƬսΪţ䶰ķ˼֮¶ййͳ´ѵĵ͵йԶԶܺ񻰴ഫö֮ǰй֪ʶӻʿҲᷴʡйĵ۹ȨУй棬еĸνļֵһмֵ֮ϣĺ

˵йԴֶԶȶбʹǷ׷סҳߡй߽ʱǳԿй컹ûмȡʷѵԴغ½ַȻĲбֻ塣ԭʷŰɱйĲйԼŰɱؽͽĿҲǷйĪؽ練ÿййΪͬ·ˣй۸йĶüŪۣʷϽƴйΪšжйƷζݷ߾֮λ˫˫׹£⡣

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